1、大学六级-509 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.电视节目中广告很多2广告的利与弊3我的观点BOn Television Advertisement/B_（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)HIV Vaccine Feat Leaves More Questions Than AnswersOnly hours after HIV vaccine researchers announced the achievement of a milestone t
2、hat has eluded them for a quarter of a century, they began plotting their next stepsand coming back to reality. Their ultimate goal, halting the spread of AIDS, remains far in the future. A Thai and American team had announced early Thursday in Bangkok that they had found a combination of vaccines t
3、hat provided modest protection against infection with HIV, offering the first proof of principle that the deadly disease could be tamed by teaching the immune system to recognize the virus and defeat it. Scientists around the world hailed the achievement.But by Thursday afternoon, the initial wave o
4、f joy had given way to the recognition that many questions will have to be answered before researchers can produce a vaccine that will reliably shield people from HIV. For starters, it could take years to figure out the biological mechanisms that produced the apparent 31 reduction in infections amon
5、g those given the vaccine treatment.Researchers have never before observed antibodies (抗体) or other molecules in the blood that could block an infection of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Now they will try to figure out whether this combination of vaccines stimulated new molecules, or provoked an u
6、nusual blend of ones previously observed. Experts predicted that it would require 2 to 3 years of research to better understand how the vaccine worked, and an additional 5 to 10 years to produce a vaccine that was ready to test in people. Some researchers even wondered whether the apparent reduction
7、 in infections was simply a statistical mistake resulting from the small number of HIV cases observed in the trial.The abundance of unanswered questions hasnt sapped the enthusiasm of many HIV researchers. After 26 years of seemingly futile research on vaccines, they have finally made some progress
8、on demonstrating the feasibility of an HIV vaccine, said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which largely funded the $120-million study. “This is the first positive signalmodest though it may bethat we have ever got with any vaccine that we have
9、 ever tested in humans,“ Fauci said. But “is it a vaccine that is ready for prime time? No.“The Thai trial, which began in 2003, had been laughed at by many critics as a waste of time and money because its two vaccines had produced no benefit in individual trials. But a few researchers speculated th
10、at using them togetherwith one vaccine priming (开始修复) the immune system and the second boosting that responsewould be more effective. The primer in this combination is Alvac, made by Sanofi Pasteur, which uses a harmless virus to carry three synthetic HIV genes into the body. :The boost comes from A
11、idsvax, originally made by VaxGen Inc. and now owned by the nonprofit group Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases. It contains a genetically engineered version of a protein from the HIV surface.The study, led by Dr. Supachai Rerks-Ngarm of the Thai Ministry of Public Healths Department of Disease
12、 Control, involved more than 16,000 volunteers in Thailand, all from the general population rather than from a pool of high-risk homosexuals and drug users used in past studies. Half received four priming doses of Alvac and two boost doses of Aidsvax over a six-month period; the other half received
13、placebo (无效对照药) shots. After three years of follow-up, new HIV infections were observed in 74 of the 8,198 people who received the placebo, but in only 51 of the 8,197 given the vaccine, a statistically significant 31% reduction.To the researchers disappointment, however, the vaccine did not reduce
14、levels of HIV activity in those who became infected after being vaccinated. The trial was carried out in Thailand because the initial research was conducted there and the vaccine was based on the version of HIV that circulates in that country. Full details of the study will be released next month at
15、 a conference in Paris, and researchers are eagerly awaiting them.Dr. Salim S. Abdool Karim, an epidemiologist at Columbia University in New York and director of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa in Durban, said he was particularly eager to know whether people who got vac
16、cinated and stayed healthy had a bigger response from the white blood cells known as cellular T lymphocytes(淋巴球). “A whole range of vaccines were developed on the hypothesis(遐想) that they generated sufficient cellular T lymphocyte responses to prevent infection,“ he said. “Weve never been able to te
17、st that hypothesis because no vaccine has worked until now.“And if it is not the lymphocytes, then “what kind of compounds were the cells making when you inoculate them with the vaccine?“ asked Dr. Spyros Kalams, an HIV immunology researcher at Vanderbilt University in Nashville and director of the
18、HIV Vaccine Trials Program there. “Was it a compound that can kill infected cells? Does it make proteins that stop the virus from replicating?“ Researchers now will begin the painstaking work of comparing the blood of those who were vaccinated and resisted infection and those who did not. Then they
19、will look for molecules that are more abundant in the healthy people, Fauci said.Once researchers identify these so-called correlates of immunity, they can begin to look for ways to prompt the body to make themthe key to producing an effective vaccine. The Thai results are “an opening of a door to a
20、nswer some very important questions,“ he said. But several scientists cautioned that there was no guarantee the Thai blood samples would reveal the biological secrets of HIV immunity. Surely some of the people who resisted HIV infection were protected by the vaccine, but not all, said Dr. Otto Yang,
21、 an immunologist at UCLAs David Geffen School of Medicine.Yang also expressed doubt that a combination of vaccines made the difference in those who benefited. He and others noted that this was the first large study to focus on a low-risk population. Perhaps transmitting the virus through heterosexua
22、l sex instead of directly into the bloodstream on an needle gives the immune system a better chance of fighting off infection. Although it is also unclear whether these particular vaccines could be used elsewhere in the world, scientists said that if they could figure out what made this combination
23、work, they could localize the approach to other regions. The dominant HIV strains vary from region to region.At least 33 million people worldwide are infected with HIV and 25 million have died, the World Health Organization said. An estimated 7,500 are infected each day, emphasizing the need for a v
24、accine. There have been three previous vaccine trials in humans. Aidsvax had previously failed in two large trials halted in 2003; both showed no benefit to recipients. Another trial by Merck regardless of the products you want to buy.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
25、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：60.00)There are more than 300 millions of us in the United States. and sometimes it seems like were all friends on Face book. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who said
26、there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University researchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking women to increased risk of heart disease shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.The bad news doesnt just affect wom
27、en. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a series of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well youll sleep tonight and how depressed youll feel a yea
28、r from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need .for Social Connection. Studies have shown that loneliness can cause stress levels to rise and can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less hea
29、lthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than those who are not lonely.Though more Americans than ever are living alone (25 percent of U.S. households, up from 7 percent in 1940), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak
30、. “Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are present,“ says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though theyre surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of th
31、e school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the second quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfort
32、unately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate those social relationships. And that can be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with and increasing number of Americans who say that theyre willing to move away from home for a job.Loneliness can be relative: it has bee
33、n defined as an aversive (反感的) emotional response to a perceived discrepancy between a persons desired levels of social interaction and the contact theyre actually receiving. People tend to measure themselves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the no
34、rm. Thats why collectivist cultures, like those in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than individualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family
35、 and friends.（分数：60.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we can learn the problem with America is that _.（分数：12.00）填空项 1:_(2).For all grown-ups, isolation from society can lead to _.（分数：12.00）填空项 1:_(3).Which two problems does loneliness cause?（分数：12.00）填空项 1:_(4).Studies have indicated that the lonelin
36、ess a freshman will suffer can be predicted by _.（分数：12.00）填空项 1:_(5).Lonely people can easily become lonelier because they tend to _.（分数：12.00）填空项 1:_七、BSection B/B(总题数：2，分数：120.00)Passage OneThe Obesity is a national health crisis, one thatquite literallyweighs on us all. It costs lives. It costs
37、dollars. And in the context of our current health-reform debate in Washington, its time we took action, as a nation and as individuals, to address this cost.While infectious disease was a disaster recently as our grandparents generation, chronic disease is killing us and harming our well-beingand ob
38、esity is the root cause. The growth in obesity is strongly linked to heart disease, hypertension, and the explosion of diabetes that our country is currently experiencing. These and other chronic diseases account for 7 out of every 10 deaths each year and are the leading cause of death and disabilit
39、y in the U.S. They are also responsible for more than 75 percent of the nations health-care spending.Year after year, more Americans have become obese or overweight, now representing one third of the population. One in five 4-year-olds are obese, contributing to the fact that for the first time ever
40、, children may have a shorter lifespan than their parents. But the obesity crisis isnt simply a health crisis; it is also an economic crisisand the mount that it costs us in terms of lost lives, lost productivity, and lost dollars is staggering and deserves attention from our national leaders, and f
41、rom us.Obesity accounts for nearly 10 percent of what the U.S. spends annually on health care and is linked to about one third of the increase in domestic health spending since the mid-1980s. It is a huge cost driver in Medicare and Medicaidso even if you or your family members are not obese, you, l
42、ike the rest of us, are paying for this crisis. Were obesity at 1987 levels, Medicare spending would be $ 40 billion per year lower than it was in 2006. A University of Florida study found that health-care spending for 65-year-old men of normal weight was 6 to 13 percent less over the remainder of t
43、heir lifetime than those who were overweight or obese.At a time when Americans are on tight budgets and Congress is struggling to “find“ savings to pay for health-care reform, its easy to see why we need to make changes. Policy changes in Washington are a critical part of the solution. We need commo
44、n-sense reforms in our health system (such as lowering co-pays on preventive care and offering programs to help overweight Americans), in our schools (such as reinstating physical education and requiring school lunches to meet nutritional standards), in our workplaces (such as offering tax credits t
45、o employers that offer wellness benefits and encourage health inside and outside of the workplace), and in our communities (such as ensuring that all Americans have access to a place to be physically active and purchase healthy foods).（分数：60.00）(1).According to the passage, the Americans nowadays fi
46、re faced with _.（分数：12.00）A.the same ailment afflicted their grandparents generationB.higher death rate caused by infectious diseasesC.the problems caused by obesityD.lowering Midicare budgets compared to their grandparents generation(2).What can we learn about obesity?（分数：12.00）A.The children are c
47、ertain to live shorter lives than their parents because of obesiity.B.Obesity is the main cost driver in Midicare.C.Obesity imposes an economic burdon upon Americans.D.Those obese Americans are paying for the cost of obesity.(3).The study at a University of Florida indicated that _.（分数：12.00）A.people of normal weight enjoyed longer lifespan than obese peopleB.the overweight people at 65 lost more on health-care over the rest of their livesC.the overweight people wo
