1、大学六级-405 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.BShould Class Attendance Be Optional/B 1描述现在大学课堂及讲座上常见的现象：态度不认真，睡觉，发短信及出勤率低因此提出大学课堂是否应该采取自愿而非强制 2列举原因 3我的看法（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BEnd Your Back Pain/BLike an expensive but temperamental sports car, the human
2、spin is beautifully designed and maddeningly unreliable. If you are a living, breathing human being, you have probably suffered the agony of back pain. And as long as people continue to lead overweight, sedentary and stressful lives, the number of sufferers is unlikely to go anywhere other than up.A
3、s it does, armies of new back-pain sufferers, many desperate and even disabled, will seek relief. When they do, theyll quickly discover just how complicated their problem really is, with its mystifying mix of physical symptoms and psychological underpinnings. The reality is that the agony will often
4、 go away on its own impossible as that may seem when you are writhing (痛苦扭曲) on the kitchen floor. The Great Pain MysteryBack pain can originate anywhere in the elaborate spinal architecture. Degenerated discs (椎间盘), which many lead to herniation (突出) and compressed nerves, are a common problem. The
5、n there those wrenching pain provoked by muscle injuries, which can drop grown men to the floor. Whats most mysterious about back problems is the frequent disconnect between anatomical defects and pain. Unlike blood pressure and cholesterol (胆固醇), which could be measured with arm cuffs and blood tes
6、ts, lower-back pain has no objective way the volume of tears? the intensity of a grimace? to be gauged.Many times, the precise cause of pain remains unknown. Imaging tests found that two people with herniated discs can lead radically different lives: One spends his days popping painkillers, the othe
7、r waltzes through life. In a well-known study, researchers checked 98 healthy people: Two-thirds had abnormal discs even though none complained of pain. The real issue is why some people have a mild backache and some have really crippling pain. In another research, experts compared a group of patien
8、ts who reported back pain with a control group who did not. Close to two-thirds if the pain patients had cracks in their discs, so-called high-intensity zones, or HIZs. But so did 24 percent of the non-complainers.The answer has as much to do with the mind as with the body. In the HIZ study, the bes
9、t predictor of pain was not how bad the defect looked, but the patients psychological distress. Depression and anxiety have long been linked to pain; a recent Canadian study found that people who suffer from severe depression are four times more likely to develop intense or disabling neck or low-bac
10、k pain. At New Yorks Hospital for Special Surgery, psychiatrist Gregory Lutz says he often sees men who have two things in common: crippling sciatica (坐骨神经痛) and an upcoming wedding date. The problem in their back, possibly a degenerated or herniated disc, likely already existed, says Dr. Lutz, but
11、was intensified by the pre-marriage jitters.BSpine Surgery Breakthrough/BPain is pain, and many want a quick fix and that means surgery. Spinal-fusion surgery, one of the most invasive and costly forms of therapy (about 42,000) has more than doubled in the US since 1993, to about 350,000 in 2003. Di
12、scectomy, which is done less invasively, has also spiked to 342,000 surgeries per year. But these procedures dont work for everyone.The increase in all spinal surgery has been promoted in part by technical advances promising better outcomes. Perhaps the most intriguing new development is the artific
13、ial cobalt-chrome disc. In October 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first such disc, the Charite, for patients with degenerative disc disease. The three-piece device has a sliding medical-grade plastic core sandwiched between two metal plates, which allows the spine to mo
14、ve. It is believed that, such discs, like knee replacements, will give patients more mobility than traditional fusion surgery. And they will get out of bed a lot sooner too. The key is to be very specific and very careful about patient selection. Not everyone who has disc degeneration should have an
15、 operation.BAlternative Treatments/BDoctors, worried that too many patients seem willing to go under the knife, are now looking for simpler, more effective ways to treat one of the most vexing problems in medicine. For more and more people with back pain, alternative therapies are the way to go.Chir
16、opractic care (指压疗法), the most popular nonsurgical back therapy, is booming, with 60,000 chiropractors practising in the US today. Some happy clients visit their chiropractors more often than their hair stylists. Experts generally agree that the treatment, which involves manipulation of the joints a
17、nd tissues of the spine, is safe for the lower back. It provides modest benefits equivalent to those of conventional treatments.Massage has an increasing number of proponents, and research shows it can help knead ont (揉掉) persistent pain. Steven Smith, a physical therapist at the Schuldt Performance
18、 uses massage on back-pain sufferers to loosen up muscles and increase blood flow. Its not exactly a spa-like experience, though. “Youve got to get in there deep to break the pain.“Acupuncture (针灸) is also popular. The first large trial of the practice is now conducted at New Yorks Integrative Care
19、Center, where therapist push the tiny needles into the patients. Acupuncture seems to stimulate the release of feel-good endorphins, has a cumulative effect. Patients describe a lingering euphoria, a nice happy state whether youve got a back problem or not.BAn Integrative Approach/BJordan, a long-te
20、rm back-pain sufferer, tried every wacky thing out there. “Faith healing, hanging from the ceiling, clicking my heels together and wishing I was home, you name it, Ive done it.“ Last year, feeling especially distressed, he tried biofeedback, a technique that trains him to distance himself from the p
21、ain. “I never get rid of the pain, but these treatments provide some relief.“ says Jordan.If patients attitudes can help the pain, can more creative thinking among the experts improve the odds of beating it? Dr. Eisenberg, head of Harvard Medical Schools Osher Institute, is spearheading an National
22、Institutes of Health-funded pilot program to find out. A diverse group of 25 specialists meet regularly to educate one another on how they diagnose and treat back pain. They intend to see if there is a more efficient, multi-disciplinary way to attack the problem, and to make it cost-effective too.No
23、 wonder theres a flood of interest in alternative medicine. Even New Yorks Hospital for Special Surgery opened a complementary-medicine center four years ago. Now about 13,000 patients a year, many with bad back, see its rehab specialists, massage therapists and chiropractors, as well as taking yoga
24、 and tai chi classes any noninvasive approach they can find to relieve the pain.BCan Rage Ruin Your Back?/BDr. Sarno, a professor at New York University School of Medicine, believes almost all back pain is rooted in bottled-up feelings. Samo explains how repressed rage and anxiety can stress the bod
25、y, eventually manifesting itself as muscle spasm (抽搐), nerve dysfunction, numbness and pain. Recovery begins with recognition the connection between the body and the mind. “Pain is created by the brain to make sure the rage doesnt come out.“ says Sarno. But skeptics say Samo is offering a placebo (安
26、慰剂), which could miss the true cause of the pain.After centuries of agony, humanity could certainly use some relief. But more important than the success of any treatment is the good news that back-pain sufferers and doctors are embracing bold new ways to think about the most exquisite and frustratin
27、g work of art: the spine.(1,270 words)（分数：70.00）(1).What accounts for the increasing number of back pain sufferers in modern life is a number of factors such as overweight, lack of exercise and _ .（分数：7.00）A.plain ageingB.spine defectsC.surgical failuresD.mental stress(2).Whats so mysterious about b
28、ack problems?（分数：7.00）A.The impossibility to measure the intensity of the pain.B.The unknown origin of the pain.C.The disconnect between spine defects and pain.D.The low percentage of people with abnormal discs among the healthy.(3).The phenomenon of men having two things sciatica and upcoming weddi
29、ng in common indicates that _ .（分数：7.00）A.pre-marriage anxiety is inevitable for most menB.psychological distress may contribute to low-back painC.almost all bridegrooms have a degenerated or herniated discD.back pain may intensify pre-marriage jitters(4)._ , artificial disc operation is considered
30、a better option than the traditional fusion surgery.（分数：7.00）A.Giving patients greater mobility and quicker recoveryB.Suitable for every back-pain sufferersC.Being less invasive and costlyD.With fewer post-operation side effects(5).People who want their back pain to be fixed quickly often resort to
31、_ .（分数：7.00）A.surgeryB.chiropractic careC.massageD.acupuncture(6).Besides relieving back pain, acupuncture also seems to give patients _ .（分数：7.00）A.a spa-like experienceB.a lingering happy feelingC.modest benefits in skin careD.increased blood circulation(7).Whats the purpose of the National Instit
32、utes of Health-funded pilot program?（分数：7.00）A.To find out whether the patients attitude help the pain.B.To experiment with advanced surgical treatments.C.To search for a cost-effective, integrative treatment.D.To investigate experts opinions on various treatments.(8).The great number of patients vi
33、siting the complementary-medicine center at New Yorks Hospital for Special Surgery reflects _ in the US.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Dr. Sarno, almost all kinds of back pain could be attributed to _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).The autho feels _ about humanitys final victory in the century-old battle a
34、gainst back-pain.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.Be hostile to Nancy.B.Ask Nancy to come out.C.Talk to Nancy herself.D.Write Nancy a letter.A.The man can have his pants at the end of the day.B.Cleaning
35、the pants will take longer than usual.C.She doesnt think the stain can be removed.D.The man should go to a different location.A.The man should start running daily.B.She also prefers to exercise in the afternoon.C.Its important to warm up before exercising.D.The man should continue his exercise progr
36、am.A.Everyone enjoyed himself at Johns parties.B.The woman didnt enjoy Johns parties at all.C.It will be the first time for the man to attend Johns party.D.The woman is glad to be invited to Johns house-warming party.A.They should wait patiently.B.They should ask that man to leave.C.They should serv
37、e that man immediately.D.That man is old enough to order things he likes.A.The professor postponed the exam and will inform everyone later.B.The professor phoned him about the postponing of the exam.C.The professor canceled the exam.D.The professor put off the exam.A.The location of the session has
38、been changed.B.She will definitely go to the session this evening.C.Shell probably be too tired to walk to the session.D.The session might be canceled because of a heavy snow.A.He thinks it is difficult to get fuel for the car.B.He can manage to get the gasoline they need.C.He doesnt think it necess
39、ary to refuel the car.D.He hopes the woman will help him select a fuel.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.She is writing a competitive paper for a scholarship.B.She is doing a research paper.C.She missed the lecture.D.She is planning to attend the schola
40、rship award ceremony.A.Why species dont avoid extinction by adapting.B.Why species become extinct at the rate they do.C.Why humans arent extinct.D.How many species arent extinct.A.Because every species becomes extinct.B.Because humans beings are powerful enough to kill other species.C.Because of ove
41、r-population.D.Because human being is still a young species though it is exploiting the environment.A.He thinks flies will take over the earth.B.He thinks human will die off quite soon,C.He thinks mass disease could be the next path to extinction.D.He sees human beings as destructive.BQuestions 23 t
42、o 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.They left their pets with neighbors.B.They rented their house to a student.C.They hired someone to stay in their home.D.They asked their gardener to watch their house.A.They look at a house sitters score report.B.They interview a h
43、ouse sitters friends.C.They check a house sitters references.D.They attend a house sitters party.A.The homeowner is afraid of being accused.B.The house sitter pleads again and again.C.Most house sitters are very poor.D.The homeowner doesnt want to bother.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQue
44、stions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.The US should catch up to European environmental standards.B.American exporters must adapt to new regulations in Europe.C.The US should be more sensitive to environmental issues.D.The EU s new regulations are a burden.A.Their
45、 packaging of exports have to conform to EU regulations.B.They have to cut out waste completely.C.They must have an experienced distributor.D.They will see expensive rise.A.It will allow fewer trees to be cut.B.It will require less labor costs.C.It saves some shipping costs.D.It will make them more
46、competition.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Students from America.B.Students from England.C.Students from Australia.D.Students from Japan.A.Those who know how to program computers.B.Those who get special aid from their teachers.C.Those who ar
47、e very hardworking.D.Those who have well-educated parents.A.Japanese students study much harder than Columbian students.B.Columbian students score higher than Japanese students in math.C.Columbian students are more optimistic about their math skills.D.Japanese students have better conditions for stu
48、dy.A.Physics.B.Mathematics.C.Environmental science.D.Life science.BPassage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Factors that affect the ability to memorize.B.The influence of childhood memories oil adulthood.C.A proposal for future psychological research.D.Benefits of a busy lifestyle.A.The need to exercise the memory.B.How the brain differs from other body tissues.C.The unconscious learning of a physical activity.D.How nerves control body movement.A.Repeat it aloud,B.Write it down.C.Make a mental picture of it
