1、大学六级-396 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.目前很多父母在子女高中毕业前就送他们出国学习 2形成这种趋势的原因 3我对此的看法（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BPollution: A Life and Death Issue/BOne of the main themes of Planet under Pressure is the way many of the Earths environmental crises reinforce
2、one another. Pollution is an obvious example-we do not have the option of growing food, or finding enough water, on a squeaky- clean planet, but on one increasingly tarnished and trashed by the way we have used it so far.Cutting waste and clearing up pollution cost money. Yet time and again it is th
3、e quest for wealth that generates much of the mass in the first place. Living in a way that is less damaging to the Earth is not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often life-threatening.Air: the World Health Organization (WHO) says three million people are killed worldwide by
4、 outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel. Most are in poor countries.Water: diseases carried in water are responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in developing countries, killing a child every eight seconds. Each yea
5、r 2.1 million people die from diarrhoeal(痢疾的) diseases associated with poor water:Soil: contaminated land is a problem in industrialized countries, where former factories and power stations can leave waste like heavy metals in the soil. It can also occur in developing countries, sometimes used for d
6、umping pesticides. Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestock. And when the contamination reaches rivers it damages life there, and can even create dead zones off the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico.BChronic Problem/BChemicals are a frequent poll
7、utant. When we think of chemical contamination it is often images of events like Bhopal that come to mind. But the problem is widespread. One study says 720% of cancers are attributable to poor air end pollution in homes and workplaces. The WHO, concerned about chemicals that persist and build up in
8、 the body, especially in the young, says we may “be conducting a large-scale experiment with childrens health“.Some man-made chemicals, endocrine (内分泌) disruptors like phthalates (酞酸盐) and nonylphenol-a breakdown product of spermicides (杀精子剂), cosmetics and detergents-are blamed for causing changes
9、in the genitals of some animals. Affected species include polar bears-so not even the Arctic is immune. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals, and to us.About 70,000 chemicals are on the market, with around 1,500 new ones appearing annually. At least 30,000 am thought never to
10、 have been comprehensively tested for theft possible risks to people.At fast glance, the plastic buckets stacked in the comer of the environmental NGO office look like any others. But the containers are an unlikely weapon in one poor communitys fight against oil companies which they say are responsi
11、ble for widespread ill-health caused by years of pollution. The vessels are used by a network of local volunteers, known as the Bucket Brigade, to gather air samples in neighborhoods bordering oil refineries, as part of a campaign to monitor and document air pollution which they believe is coming fr
12、om the plants.In South Africa, as in many developing and newly industrialized countries, legislation on air pollution has failed to keep pace with mushrooming industries. So local residents, like many in poor communities around the globe, have faced the problem of investigating their claim that indu
13、stries on their doorsteps are making them sick.BTrade-off/BBut the snag is that modern society demands many of them, and some are essential for survival. So while we invoke the precautionary principle, which always recommends erring on the side of caution, we have to recognize there will be trade-of
14、fs m be made.The pesticide DDT does great damage to wildlife and can affect the human nervous system, but can also be effective against malaria(疟疾).Where does the priority lie?The industrialized world has not yet cleaned up the mess it created, but it is reaping the benefits of the pollution it has
15、caused. It can hardly tell the developing countries that they have no right to follow suit.Another complication in tackling pollution is that it does not respect political frontiers. There is a U.N. convention on trans-boundary air pollution, but that cannot cover every problem that can arise betwee
16、n neighbors, or between states which do not share a border. Perhaps the best example is climate change-the countries of the world share one atmosphere, and what one does can affect everyone.BFor One and All/BOne of the principles that are supposed to apply here is simple-the polluter pays. Sometimes
17、 it is obvious who is to blame and who must pay the price, but it is not always straightforward to work out just who is the polluter, or whether the rest of us would be happy to pay the price of stopping the pollution.One way of cleaning up after ourselves would be to throw less away, designing prod
18、ucts to be recycled or even just to last longer.Previous generations worked on the assumption that discarding our waste was a proper way to get rid of it, so we used to dump nuclear materials and other potential hazards at sea, confident they would be dispersed in the depths.We now think that is too
19、 risky because, as one author wrote, “theres no such place as away, and theres no such person as the other.“BIrritating Air/BDespite recent improvements, however, the health problems are still there. A 2002 medical study, carried out by Durbans Nelson Mandela School of Medicine and a U.S. university
20、, found that an abnormally high 52% of students and teachers at a primary school bordering the Engen plant suffered from asthma(哮喘). It found that increases in air pollution tended to aggravate asthma symptoms in children.The petrol producers do not dispute the findings but argue that researchers we
21、re unable to establish a causal link between air pollution and the high prevalence of asthma among the school population.For the community, the next step is to take legal action. But, according to internationally recognized environmentalist Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as i
22、t would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by pollution coming from a particular plant.Mr. Peek, who grew up beneath Engens stacks, says the activists are now considering taking action against the authorities. “We are now looking at suing the government on constitutional
23、 grounds, for failing to ensure our right to protection from a harmful environment as stipulated in the constitution,“ he said.BLegislative Change/BA new batch(批) of environmental laws, the National Air Quality Management Act, has just been passed by the South African parliament to replace outdated
24、1965 legislation with fighter controls and tougher sanctions.Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to improve the situation. “I share the anger and frustration of this communit
25、y. It is long overdue,“ he told the South African Broadcasting Corporation.The local authorities have also established a “Multi-Point Plan“ for the area. They say it is a powerful model for tackling pollution and points to a 40% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions in recent years.（分数：70.00）(1).Ac
26、cording to World Health Organization, how many people am killed by outdoor air pollution?（分数：7.00）A.3 millionB.2.1 millionC.1.6 millionD.3.2 million(2).According to the passage, land can be polluted by _ from agriculture.（分数：7.00）A.heavy metalsB.pesticides and nitrate-poor fertilizersC.slurry from l
27、ivestockD.rubbish(3).What kind of animal affected by man-made chemicals is not referred in the passage?（分数：7.00）A.Polar bears.B.Mammals.C.People.D.Birds.(4).What do local residents claim for?（分数：7.00）A.They are sick because of years of pollution.B.They are sick because of industries on their doorste
28、ps.C.They are sick because of pesticides from agriculture.D.They are sick because of air pollution.(5).The pesticide DDT can be effective against _.（分数：7.00）A.malariaB.wildlifeC.animalsD.human nervous system(6).There is a U. N. convention that can cover _.（分数：7.00）A.problem between neighborsB.proble
29、m between states which do not share a borderC.problems on air pollutionD.trans-boundary air pollution(7).What is not said to be a way of cleaning up after ourselves?（分数：7.00）A.Throw less away.B.Design recycled products.C.Dont use it again.D.Last longer.(8).It found that increases in air pollution te
30、nded to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban
31、basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)BQuestions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：56.00）A.$80.B.$60.C.$90.D.$15.A.He loves his present work.B.He is going to open a store.C.He is about to ret
32、ire.D.He works in a repair shop.A.Mary is going to Hawaii.B.Mary has been to many countries.C.Mary likes postcards.D.Mary is traveling on business.A.To save the money for a long time.B.To buy a new car.C.To purchase a used car.D.To get a second car.A.Delivery service manager and driver.B.Teacher and
33、 student.C.Lawyer and client.D.Doctor and patient.A.New shopping centers are very common.B.The shopping center is very old.C.The city needs more shopping centers.D.The old house should be turned into stores.A.They are having a party.B.They. are playing the piano.C.Someone else is having a party.D.So
34、meone else is funny.A.She was hurt by the man.B.She lost her temper.C.She didnt speak to her husband.D.She missed the dinner party.BQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Computer sales negotiations.B.A preliminary interview.C.An Internet seminar meeting.D
35、.Computer games.A.He managed the sales department.B.He gave seminars on the Internet.C.He worked as a custodian.D.He designed software.A.A web page authoring program.B.A kind of beverage.C.A computer game.D.A kind of software.A.She will call Mr. Taylor in the next few days.B.She will talk over their
36、 discussion with others.C.She will ask her colleagues to call Mr. Taylor.D.She will not contact him for further consideration.BQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Raising money.B.Gathering support from others.C.Giving speeches.D.Choosing the official ca
37、ndidate for each political party.A.Interviews.B.Television ads.C.Playing with children.D.Speeches.A.There are Several small parties in the U.S.B.There are only two parties in the U.S.C.The most powerful party in the U.S. is the Democrats.D.The most powerful party in the U.S. is the Republicans.四、BSe
38、ction B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.British.B.Americans.C.Germans.D.Japanese.A.Entirely effective.B.Totally incorrect.C.A complete failure.D.Quite difficult.A.Have a greater sense of duty.B.Can get higher pay.C.Can avoid
39、working hard.D.Can avoid busy traffic.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.A housewife.B.A singer.C.A teacher.D.A musician.A.The violin was too heavy for her.B.She was too young to play the violin.C.The violin was too expensive.D.Her mother wanted
40、 her to play the piano.A.To play the violin on a concert.B.To go to New York City.C.To apply for a scholarship.D.To have her performance taped.A.In 1928.B.In 1982.C.In 1980.D.In 1920.BPassage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Winter in Alaska.B.The br
41、ave Alaskan people.C.Alaskan transportation today.D.A dog sled race.A.Every year in March.B.Every other year.C.From two to three weeks.D.The winter of 1925.A.Winning.B.Finding gold.C.Just to finish.D.Being able to participate.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Many workers depend on plansU (36) /Uby thei
42、r employers to help pay for their retirement. There are two major kinds of retirement plans. One is defined by what is paid out, the other by what is paid in.The first is called a definedU (37) /Uplan, or pension. It provides setU (38) /Ubased on the number of years anU (39) /Uhas worked: These plan
43、s often pay for health care and other costs. They might also provide money to family members when theU (40) /Udies.Pensions, however, can be a big cost to employers. In the United States, the change from aU (41) /Ueconomy to a service economy has resulted in fewer and fewerU (42) /Uplans.The other m
44、ajor kind of retirement plan is called a definedU (43) /Uplan. Two things define how much a worker will get at retirement.U (44) /U.One popular version is a four-oh-one-k plan, named after a part of the tax law.U (45) /U.But some plans are very complex. An easier way for small employers to offer ret
45、irement savings is through a Savings Incentive Match Plan.U (46) /U.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox“ had entered the American language, but ice was stil
46、l only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was
47、used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern fridge, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion
