1、大学六级-311 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.BIs Long Holiday Necessary/B 1对于长假是否必要，不同的人有不同的看法 2我认为长假是必要的，因为 3如何度长假（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BEconomizing of the Poor/BBComprehending Economizing of the Poor/BWalking down the aisles of a supermarket, low-inco
2、me shoppers must consider a number of factors including quantity, price, quality and nutritional differences when selecting food products. Food-purchase decisions by the poor often entail balances among taste, preference and quality factors either real or perceived to meet spending constraints. With
3、in broad product categories such as cereal, cheese, meat and poultry, and fruits and vegetables, shoppers can choose among many substitutable products. Low-income shoppers can extend their food dollars in a number of ways. They may shop in discount food stores; they may purchase and consume less foo
4、d than higher-income shoppers; they may purchase low-priced (and possibly lower quality) food products; or they may rely on some combination of all three. A better understanding of how the poor economize in food spending addresses important policy questions raised by researchers, nutrition educators
5、, and food-assistance program managers.BThe Correlation between the Location and Price/BWhether the poor face significantly different food prices due to where they shop for food remains an unresolved empirical question. Extensive research over the years has tried to answer the question Do the poor p
6、ay less for food? The Economic Research Service (ERS) in 1997 received the results of studies comparing price differences in grocery stores across different income levels and combined these with current census data on the distribution of low-income households by urbanization type. The ERS study conc
7、luded that, in general, the poor face higher prices due to their greater representation in urban and rural areas (as opposed to suburban areas), where food prices tend to be higher.BHigher Prices but Less Spending/BBased on results from household surveys, ERS also found that despite facing higher pr
8、ices, low-income shoppers spend less than higher-income shoppers for food purchased in food stores. Due to their level of aggregation and lack of in-store sales and promotion information, such surveys shed little light on the economizing practices of households. To learn more about how low-income sh
9、oppers spend less for food despite facing higher prices, we obtained food-store purchase data that incorporate per-capita quantity and expenditure-measure equivalents (household measures adjusted for household size) across income levels.BThe Main Economizing Practices/BThe resulting comparisons desc
10、ribe how individuals with different levels of income vary in their food-spending patterns. By using actual transaction data, detailed information about the product purchased (for example, price, product description, package size, and brand name) as well as the condition of purchase (promotion, coupo
11、n, or sale item) was obtained. From these, the average unit cost (per ounce, per pound) for each item was calculated. Low-income shoppers may use four primary economizing practices to reduce their food spending. First, they may purchase a greater proportion of discounted products. Second, they may p
12、urchase more private-label products (generic or store brand) versus brand products than higher-income shoppers buy. Third, they may take advantage of volume discounts by purchasing larger package sizes. Fourth, they may purchase a less-expensive food product within a product class. Although quality
13、differences such as freshness, convenience and taste often contribute to prices differences, differences in nutritional quality are also evident.BMore Spending on Promotional Items/BThe use of promotions is measured by comparing the percentage of expenditures and quantities of each product purchased
14、 on promotion (manufacturers coupons, store coupons, store sales, and other promotions). For random-weight cheese, fruit, vegetables and meat in 1998, low-income households (less than 25,000 per year) spent a greater share of expenditures for products on promotion than other households. (This is als
15、o true for quantities purchased on promotion.) For poultry, however, middle-income households spent about the same percentage on promotion as low-income households (36% versus 35%, respectively). For both groups, spending for promotion items was at least five percentage points more than spending by
16、the high-income group.Among fixed-weight products, promotion-spending patterns differed. Low-income shoppers purchased the lowest share of total ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal on promotion. This result may be explained by other economizing practices in this product category such as purchasing a larger pe
17、rcentage of private-label products, which are on promotion less often, but have lower non-sale prices than the brand-name alternatives. Low-income households spent 11.5% of their RTE cereal expenditures on private-label cereals, while the higher-income households spent lower shares, with those share
18、s decreasing with increasing income levels. A similar pattern is found for the quantities of private-label RTE cereal purchased.BChoice of Package Size/BChoice of package size also enables those in low-income households to economize by purchasing larger packages, which often have lower per-unit pric
19、es than smaller packages. However, data on expenditure shares for RTE cereal and packaged cheese show that low-income households purchases of large packages of RTE cereal were less than such purchases by other households in 1998. In 1998, households earning 50,000 or more spent 23.1% of cereal purch
20、ases on large packages, compared with 15.8% by the low-income group. A similar pattern was found for fixed-weight cheese products.In fact, low-income households had the lowest proportion of large-package purchase of all income groups. This behavior has three possible explanations: Low-income shopper
21、s do not have access to stores that sell large packages; they cannot afford to store staple products, and they perceive that the cost of storing large packages is higher than the savings from the volume discount. A combination of these constraints likely accounts for much of the observed difference
22、in package size quantities purchased and expenditures on those packages by the different income groups.Low-income shoppers may also be economizing by purchasing a less costly combination of fruit and vegetable product types. On average, low-income households paid 11.5% less per pound for vegetables
23、than high-income households, and 9.6% less per pound for fruit. This price measurement is a function of the quality and expenditures that each household type devotes to fruits and vegetables. Overall, low-income households purchased 3.3% less fruits and vegetables (by weight) per person than high-in
24、come households, but they paid 13% less. This implies that these households are choosing less expensive fruits and vegetables, which saves a lot for them.(1,005 words)（分数：70.00）(1).The surveys of ERS help low-income households develop economizing practices.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Promotions are usually
25、used to attract low-income shoppers.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Brand-name products are promoted more frequently.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Large-package purchase can benefit low-income households in theory, but it seldom works in reality.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).In order to meet _ , low-income shoppers must consider a
26、 lot of factors when selecting food products.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Comparing the results of household surveys, we can conclude that people with different levels of income have different _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).The nutritional quality of food product varies in accordance with _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).High
27、er-income households purchased less _ RTE cereal than low-income house-holds.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).There are three possible explanations for the contradiction of the assumption of large-package purchase: transportation, _ limitations.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Low-income shoppers may gain _ on fruit and veg
28、etable products.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)BQuestions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：56.00）A.The woman may take the next train as well.B.The woman has been late for the train for one hour.C.Someone gave the wrong information to the woman.D.The
29、woman should wait patiently until he got a schedule.A.The woman will put off her decision to study.B.The woman will now just study rather than go out.C.The woman will go out because shes in a good mood.D.The woman will have to make a decision whether to study.A.The movie was really wonderful.B.The m
30、ovie was so full of violent scenes.C.The movie wasnt as good as he had expected.D.The movie was overly concerned with romantic relationships.A.Deliver the package in person.B.Pick up the package at the post office.C.Find out the hours the post office is open.D.Ask to have the package delivered to hi
31、s home.A.He wont vote for the woman.B.He may also run for class president.C.He should promise to support the woman.D.The woman should ask his roommate to vote for her.A.Shes not a very good cook.B.Shes annoyed with the man.C.She didnt like the food the man prepared.D.She thinks the man should spend
32、more time cooking.A.Hell probably talk about Chapter 16 in class today.B.Hell probably postpone the test until he talks Chapter 16.C.He might test the students on material not discussed in class.D.He usually tells the students ahead of time what will be on his tests.A.The boss was very considerate t
33、o his workers.B.Ed wasnt as good a worker as the boss thought.C.The boss had planned to give Ed a raise in salary.D.The boss has never considered raising the workers salary.BQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.She has seen a doctor recently.B.Shes conce
34、rned about medical care.C.Shes unable to attend the study session.D.She mentions the need for some medical tests.A.To suggest changes in the tuition fees.B.To improve the study skills of university students.C.To give people the opportunity to speak with a politioian.D.To discuss graduation requireme
35、nts for political science majors.A.Preparing for an important test.B.Funding for university education.C.Winning the confidence of voters.D.Graduate school application procedures.A.Suggest a topic for a research paper.B.Tell her what to study for the history test.C.Write a favorable letter of recomme
36、ndation.D.Advise her about how to run an election campaign.BQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Social activities.B.Cultural activities.C.Language activities.D.Sports activities.A.Tuesday.B.Wednesday.C.Thursday.D.Friday.A.5B.30.C.50D.55.四、BSection B/B(总
37、题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage oneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Training given to music therapists.B.How music prevents disease.C.Studies on the benefits of music.D.How musicians create music.A.To replace physical therapy.B.To control brain seizures.C.To preve
38、nt heart disease.D.To relieve tension.A.Music they like can relieve depression but distract attention.B.Music they like can reduce stress and improve concentration.C.Classical music and rock-and-roll increase their heart rate and expand the breathing.D.Wearing headphones can help concentrate when th
39、ey are performing operations.A.It increased the students white blood cell count.B.It increased some students energy level.C.It improved the students ability to play musical instruments.D.It released a natural painkiller in some students bodies.BPassage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage
40、you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Workers on the platforms and trains were replaced by machines.B.A completely automatic line was added to its network.C.It became the first completely automatic railway in the world.D.Its trains became manual-controlled.A.A platform worker.B.A computer.C.The command
41、spot.D.A machine.A.To drive the train after it is started automatically.B.To start the train and to drive it when necessary.C.To take care of the passengers on the train.D.To send commanding signals to the command spot.BPassage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（
42、分数：21.00）A.10 points.B.2 points.C.15 points.D.5 points.A.An essay,B.A magazine articleC.A poem.D.A short story.A.They will take one of the six major tests.B.They will be given a pop test.C.They will be required to read a short story in class.D.They will have to write a composition.五、BSection C/B(总题数
43、：1，分数：77.00)Personality is to a large extent inherent A type parents usually bring about A typeU (36) /UBut the environment must also have aU (37) /Ueffect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their, children.One place where childre
44、nU (38) /Uup A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schoolsU (39) /Uthe win at all costs moral standard andU (40) /Utheir success by sporting achievements. The currentU (41) /Ufor making children compete against their classmates or again
45、st the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner,U (42) /Udead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer! By far the w
46、orst form of competition in schools is theU (43) /Uemphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do wellU (44) /U.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs.U (45) /UIt is top management.If the preoccup
47、ation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.U (46) /UIt is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)When you stop smoking, youre likely to feel tense, nervous, irritable,
