1、大学六级-1584 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：103.00)1.1)大学生经常会受到同伴竞争压力的困扰2)如何应对这种压力3)你的处理方式是How to Deal with Peer Pressure_（分数：103.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Who Will Own Deep-sea Life?Ever since humans early ancestors first peeled shellfish along the southern coast of F
2、rance 300,000 years ago, food has been the measure of the bounty (物产) of the sea. These days, however, the notion of that bounty is expanding. Increasingly, it includes genetic building blocks contained in unique deep-sea creatures that thrive under conditions once thought impossible for sustaining
3、life.But as biotech companies begin to eye these organisms as a potential source of raw material for medicines and other products, calls are emerging for rules of the road to help ensure that the benefits of deep-sea gene prospecting are shared globally. Admittedly, most biotech and pharmaceutical c
4、ompanies are not yet rushing to hydrothermal (热液的) vents, sea mounts, and other unique habitats to dig up organisms and figure out if they can be useful. The vast majority of marine bio-prospecting these days is done in shallower waters within a countrys 200-mile limit, notes Sam Johnston, a senior
5、research fellow at the Institute of Advanced Studies of United Nations University, based in Japan.Yet as marine scientists learn more about deep-sea habitats and the variety of organisms that live there, commercial interest is likely to grow. Moving now on some sort of regulatory scheme is a chance
6、to get ahead of the curve, he says. And it would provide an antidote (解毒剂) to regulatory uncertainty, which is preventing some companies and research groups from pursuing deep-sea bio-prospecting more vigorously. “We have a window of opportunity,“ says Dr. Johnston, who coauthored a UN report on the
7、 issue that was released last week. “The issues are much easier to deal with before commercial interests become heavily vested (既得的) in the hunt for deep-sea genetic material.“The issue carries echoes of debates over mining minerals, such as manganese (a kind of mineral), in the deep ocean, which fo
8、rmed part of the background for the international Law of the Sea Treaty in 1982. Costly ventureYet today, manganese remains on the seafloor. In the push to negotiate the treaty “people forgot the economics of it. Its unbelievably expensive to do deep-sea mining,“ says Andy Solow, director of the Mar
9、ine “Policy Center at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Mass. “That is also true of bio-prospecting in the deep ocean- its expensive.“ He also says, “The real prospects for bio-prospecting in the deep oceans, especially in the near-and-medium-term, are fairly low.“But it differ
10、s from mining in significant ways. If the targets are deep-sea bacteria, for example, they can be cultured and preserved once theyve been hauled to the surface. Exploiting the genetic information they contain doesnt require a continuous presence on the seafloor.Oceans cover 70 percent of the planets
11、 surface at an average depth of slightly more than two miles. Little wonder that the oceans contain the majority of Earths biodiversity. Thus the appeal of the deep can be powerful, even for scientists whose main interest is in understanding how these creatures and their ecosystems work. Their effor
12、ts can yield insights into the difficulties associated with bio-prospecting on the seafloor.Doug Bartlett, for example, focuses his work on bacteria from ocean trencheslong, deep gashes in the undersea crust. “The physical rules that govern existence are so different compared with what humans experi
13、ence,“ says the researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. “Temperatures are close to freezing, the pressure is enormous, they live in perpetual darkness, and food is so variable that their physical basics are controlled in very different ways.“Studying these creatures is
14、a costly proposition. Ship time runs roughly $10,000 a day. Once bacteria are brought to the surface, they must be prepared quickly for culture before they begin to die. Once the preparations are complete, the Petri dishes (皮氏培养皿) they now inhabit must be placed in steel-and-titanium vessels that ca
15、n reproduce the temperatures and pressures the bacteria normally experienceas high as 7.5 tons per square inch. And it takes time to process and analyze samples. “If all youre doing is going out to collect DNA, youll really be limited in what youll discover,“ he says. More-targeted searches might yi
16、eld better results, he says. But the investment of time and money remains large.Indeed, even in-shore prospecting can tax walletsand local sea life. The UN study notes that a compound derived from sea sponges, known as spongistatin (软海绵素) , is used as an anticancer agent. During research, it took 2.
17、5 tons of sea sponges to isolate less than 1 ounce of the compound.Still, the study notes that the number of potentially useful compounds for every compound tested is higher for marine organisms than for land-based organisms. This has led to global sales for marine biotech products worth roughly $10
18、0 billion a year.Deep-sea ethicsOver time, as technology improves for sampling and analyzing deep-sea organisms, interest in hunting for genes in trenches, along hydrothermal vents, along the slopes of sea mounts, and at cold seeps (地下水) on the seafloor is expected to grow.Some analysts point out th
19、at the Law of the Sea Treaty draws a distinction between mineral resources under the sea and biological resources-namely fish. Mineral resources outside a countrys exclusive economic zone belong to everybody. International panels were set up to ensure that a portion of the proceeds from mining would
20、 be channeled into aid or other help for developing countries. Fish hooked on the high seas, however, belonged to whoever caught them. Genetic material falls into the realm of biology and so should be available to whoever can haul it up and turn it into something useful.Yet the UNs Dr. Johnston note
21、s that in addition to costs, the lack of clear rules governing deep-sea bio-prospecting is preventing many companies from taking the plunge-delaying the potential benefits experts envision for building new marine biological compounds into medicine, farming, industry, environmental clean-up, and cosm
22、etics. Such research is important to undertake, he says.Beyond these stumbling blocks lie what Johnston and his coauthor Charlotte Salpin see as overriding ethical and environmental issues.Biological materials under the high seas are “not just open-and-free access. They are actually the resources of
23、 the world community,“ Johnston says. “Developing countries and other people should benefit from this research as well as the few who can afford to spend substantial sums at the bottom of the ocean.“ What happens here could set precedents for tapping resources from other “commons“ areas such as Anta
24、rctica, the Arctic, and outer space, he adds.Ms. Salpin notes that some of the techniques researchers use today can destroy portions of the ecosystems they are studying. Ground rules for preserving these ecosystems also should be part of any international agreements, she says. The UN report outlines
25、 a number of options with their pros and cons, ranging from modifying existing international agreements to inventing something out of whole cloth.With so much already on the global agenda regarding the oceans, drafting a rule book for something as far into the future as bio-prospecting the deep-sea
26、floor might seem like an exercise for under-worked international lawyers.Yet the study represents a valuable contribution, notes David Balton, US deputy assistant secretary of State for oceans and fisheries. “Its calling attention to the issue and educating us all a bit more on whats out there./（分数：
27、70.00）(1).What did most biotech and pharmaceutical companies do with the marine bio-prospecting?A. They have started their marine bio-prospecting on deep-sea level.B. They didnt take any action on the marine bio-prospecting.C. They have already focused on it but had not begun to exploit it.D. They w
28、ere doubtful about its potential economical value.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Dr. Johnston, many organizations were hindered from setting forward in deep-see bio-prospecting by _.A. the lack of clear rules governing it B. the lack of governments support of exploiting itC. the poor prospect of
29、exploiting it D. the lack of commercial interests of pursuing it（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In 1982, the Sea Treaty was established _.A. for explaining how to exploit the deep-see mining mineralsB. by many countries on exploiting the deep oceanC. partly for solving the argument about mining mineralsD. to d
30、ivide the ownership of developing mining minerals（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In Andy Solows opinion, bio-prospecting in the deep ocean is _.A. not so hard as deep-see mining B. a very expensive projectC. likely to be exploited in the near future D. bringing high commercial interests（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Acc
31、ording to the passage, Doug Bartletts main work is _.A. studying the difference between humans and deep-sea creaturesB. exploiting the genetic information from deep-sea creaturesC. analyzing the medical value of deep-sea mineralsD. studying the bacteria from the ocean trenches（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Ac
32、cording to the study done by the UN, marine organisms _.A. are worthy of exploiting for its potentially useful compoundsB. contain fewer useful compounds than land-based organismsC. are useful in curing peoples deadly diseasesD. are beneficial for biotech and pharmaceutical companies（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D
33、.(7).With the further development of sampling and analyzing deep-sea organisms, studying genes in deep-sea will be _.A. popular among scientists B. inexpensiveC. attractive to more people D. profitable soon（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).According to the passage, the compound got from sea sponges can play a ro
34、le of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to the Law of the Sea Treaty, the genetic materials gained from sea life is regarded as _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Johnston thinks that biological materials should belong to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. Call
35、 a taxi for the woman. B. Ride a bike with the woman.C. Take the woman to the bus station. D. Drive the woman to the railway station.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. She likes to live with partners. B. She likes to live out of the campus.C. She will live with her parents. D. She will live alone.（分数：7.00）A.B.
36、C.D.(3).A. He is going to join in the football game. B. He is going to Washington and Los Angeles.C. He wants to watch the football game. D. He doesnt care if he misses the football game.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. In a study room. B. At a department store.C. At the theatre. D. On the train.（分数：7.00）A.B
37、.C.D.(5).A. Go over her notes over the weekend. B. Give the man her notes until Monday.C. Take the quiz before the man does. D. Ask to have the quiz postponed.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. He does not like to borrow money. B. He has a lot of money to lend.C. He rarely lends money. D. He will lend ten doll
38、ars to the woman.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Friends. B. Teacher and student.C. Boss and employer. D. Father and daughter.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Her eyesight improved after she went to the eyesight doctor.B. She has visited two doctors.C. Her vision doesnt become better than it was before she went to t
39、he doctor.D. She was given two pairs of glasses.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Husband and wife. B. Librarian and reader.C. Colleagues. D. Shop assistant and customer.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He is going to be arrested. B. He is accused of damaging books.C. He has lost some valuable books. D. He did not ret
40、urn books on time.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He wanted to keep them for further use. B. The deadline just slipped his mind.C. He forgot to take the case where the books are. D. His wife threw the books away with trash.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. A teacher. B. An interpreter. C. An editor. D. A doctor.（分数：7
41、.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Those who want to be teachers and interpreters.B. Those who want to be interpreters and tour guides.C. These who want to be secretaries and teachers.D. Those who want to be tour guides and teachers.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. They want to be different from native speakers.B. They are
42、afraid to be asked to learn another language.C. They want to be the same as their friends.D. They dont want to speak their mother tongue with a strange accent.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. They are very shy. B. They want to keep their national identity.C. They do not make efforts. D. They are affected by
43、their own language habits.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage One（分数：21.00）(1).A. Animals perform many useful and entertaining jobs.B. Different animals have their own characteristics.C. Animals should be given proper training.D. Animals are very important in the eco-system.（分数：7.00）
44、A.B.C.D.(2).A. Dogs have a natural instinct to guide the blind.B. Horses have a natural instinct to return home.C. Guide dogs sometimes may not obey their masters.D. Racing horses are less smart than the other horses.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. They should not he frightened by wild horses.B. They should
45、 not be disturbed by other noises.C. They should understand the horses special language.D. They should be very patient and understanding.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage Two（分数：21.00）(1).A. They can pay off the unpaid tuition bills after they graduate.B. Government guarantees them a cheaper access to educat
46、ion.C. Some schools have on-diet plans on the courses for students.D. They can gain financial aid or scholarships through certain ways.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The average published price for them was about 7000 dollars.B. They need to pay only a little more than local students.C. The total sum for t
47、hem may be nearly 30,000 dollars on average.D. They can receive better education than local students.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Indifferent. B. Expectant. C. Optimistic. D. Pessimistic.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage Three（分数：28.00）(1).A. They will stop their development in India. B. They will keep their pace
48、 of expansion.C. They may vary with the market conditions. D. They have no intention for any investment.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A.Easing of bank credit. B. New models on sale.C. Recent tax reduction. D. Great economic recession.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Over 8%. B. Nearly 20%. C. More than 80%. D. About
49、80%.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. There will be a foreseeable recovery soon.B. The conditions will go even harder and tougher.C. The segment will remain dull for a while.D. The future of commercial vehicles is unpredictable.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Today a gunman, upset about his mothers health condition, wounded a doctor and then killed his mother and himsel
