1、大学六级-1577 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：103.00)1.1)参考书泛滥已成为师生共同关注的问题2)参考书泛滥带来了哪些影响3)作为大学生，应该如何正确选择和使用参考书How to Make Full Use of Reference Books_（分数：103.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)How Can We Prevent Medical ErrorsFor more than 20 years, trial lawyer Rick Boothman def
2、ended doctors and hospitals in malpractice lawsuits. The job taught him plenty about the disconnect between the defensive behavior practiced by the medical establishment and the humane treatment patients want. So when the University of Michigan Health System needed a new in-house attorney in 2001, B
3、oothman made an offer: hire me and revolutionize your approach. Well be up front with. patients when medical errors happen, and well pay quickly when a case warrants it, rather than dragging everybody into court. “Its the decent thing to do,“ says Boothman. A new study published in August found that
4、 since Michigan adopted Boothmans program of disclosure and compensation, lawsuits have declined and legal-defense costs have dropped by 61 percent. Theres no proof that acknowledging mistakes led directly to savings, but it didnt cause a malpractice frenzy either. “The sky doesnt fall in when you a
5、re open and honest,“ he says.Boothmans approach is part of an expanding push nationwide to tackle one of medicines most complicated and painful blights (摧残). In 1999 the Institute of Medicines report found that as many as 98,000 Americans die every year from preventable medical errorsa number many e
6、xperts now believe is conservative. Since then, incorrect diagnoses, needless infections, drug mix-ups, and surgical accidents have piled up as doctors face an onslaught (猛攻) of patients, an abundance of imperfect information, and an ill-served tradition of shaming and blaming individual practitione
7、rs when things go wrong. “Health care,“ says Dr. Lucian Leape, a pioneer in patient safety and chair of the Lucian Leape Institute at the National Patient Safety Foundation in Boston, “remains fundamentally unsafe.“The debate over health-care reform spotlighted major weaknesses in the U.S. medical s
8、ystem, including errors. Even before the laws passage, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Servicesnow headed by Dr. Donald Berwick-announced it would no longer reimburse hospitals for the cost of preventable complications, such as wrong-type blood transfusions. Twenty-eight states now require hos
9、pitals to report infection rates to the publicAnd the reform law mandates that hospitals with high infection rates will see their Medicare payments reduced by 1 percent starting in 2015What is clear is that the culture of medicine must changeBooks recently Published by Harvards Dr Atul Gawande(The C
10、hecklist Manifesto)and Johns Hopkinss DrPeter Pronovost(Safe Patients,Smart Hospitals)are calling on doctors and hospitals to institute checklists modeled on the aviation industry to improve safetyPatients are exposing harmful experiences and mobilizing on the InternetSome doctors are humanizing the
11、 problem by talking publicly about mistakes they committed，defying the pervasive fear of lawsuits and professional shameAnd hospitals are creating educational programs for staff. Harvards Institute for Professionalism and Ethical Practice developed an interactive workshop focused on the difficult co
12、nversations that arise after mistakes occur；more than 500 doctors，nurses，and other specialists have been trained so far,and the program is now being offered to other health systems nationwide“Everybody is interested in learning how to do better”says DrRobert Truog，the institutes executive director“W
13、ere still very much on the steep part of the learning curve”Undoing a culture is hard，especially one steeped in hierarchy(等级制度)，where doctors tend to reign supreme and nurses，pharmacists，and technicians fall into the ranks below“What underlies it is arrogance，”says Pronovost，an anesthesiologist(麻醉学家
14、)and director of Hopkinss Quality and Safety Research GroupIn his book he describes a run-in with a surgeon who refused to switch from latex(胶乳)to non-latex gloves during an operationdespite Pronovosts concern that the patient was having a potentially fatal latex-allergy reactionIt was only after a
15、nurse picked up the phone to call the hospital president that the surgeon relentedThis is not a rare eventEven when there are clear directions for safety, doctors tend to continue completing tasks in the way theyre used toTake the insertion of central-line catheters(中央线导管)， which deliver medications
16、 to sick patientsThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed guidelines for preventing infections triggered by the procedure，but obedience is spottyEvery year some 80，000 patients develop central-line infections and about 30，000 die，at a cost of more than $2 billion “For decades，harm ha
17、s been viewed as inevitable rather than preventable”says Pronovost“Weve learned to tolerate it”In 2001 Pronovost created a five-point central-line checklistboiled down from the CDCs lengthy guidelineswhich includes washing hands and removing catheters when theyre no longer neededOne year after it wa
18、s instituted at Hopkins，infection rates had dropped to almost zeroA network of Michigan hospitals that adopted the checklist slashed infections by two thirds，saving more than 1,500 lives and$200 million in the first 18 monthsStill，a survey released this summer by the Association for Professionals in
19、 Infection Control and Epidemiology says the battle to reduce central-line infections continues because hospitals arent dedicating the time and educational resources necessary,and health-care leaders arent committed to solving the problemWhen Pronovost asks nurses if theyd speak up if a senior physi
20、cian isnt complying with the checklist，“I am uniformly laughed at，”he says，“They say,Are you nuts?”After he became CEO of Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle，DrGary Kaplan mandated a simple but critical reform to make his hospital a patientdriven，not physiciandriven，institutionBased on techniqu
21、es learned at Toyotas productionsystem plants in Japan，where factory workers pull a cord to stop a production-line error,Kaplan and his team instituted a“patient safety alert”systemAll staff members even medical students，are instructed to report concerns，whether theyre major mistakes or near misses
22、The most serious errors must be deemed“mistake-proofed”steps have been taken to prevent them altogethernot just by medical professionals，but by public board members，tooShirley Sherman，who started as an ICU nurse at VMMC in 1983, remembers how problems used to be handled. “It was just between you and
23、 your manager,“ she says. “It felt very blamelike.“ Today, errors are considered a flaw in the system, not an individual weakness.These are lessons that doctors must learn from the start. But medical school curricula are jammed full with the details of science and the latest technology; the cultivat
24、ion of social and emotional sensitivity and teamwork is lacking. Thats deemed to be “the soft stuff“, says Denise Murphy, vice president for quality and patient safety at Main Line Health System in suburban Philadelphia. And yet, she says, a breakdown in communication and collaboration can lead to h
25、orrible events that result in harm or death. “We have to change our thinking,“ she says.Earlier this year, Leape published a report saying medical schools are failing to teach future physicians the most urgent lessons about why mistakes happen and how to prevent them. The report calls on schools to
26、teach patient safety as a basic science, to train students to work in teams with nurses and pharmacists, and to have “zero tolerance“ for disrespectful or abusive behavior, which can lead to mistakes. “On the surface, this seems pretty obvious, and yet this is a radical idea,“ says Leape. “Its a big
27、 cultural change.“It can be done. Five years ago, Dr. David Mayer, an anesthesiologist and associate dean for education at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, launched an annual roundtable meeting with safety leaders, policymakers, and patients to brainstorm better training. Students mus
28、t now take workshops on risk reduction and simulate tasks in a hospitallike setting so that they can craft both their technical skills and their interaction with team members. A culture of openness makes sense to Mengyao Liang, a fourth-year student. “Its not a sign of weakness to say I made a mista
29、ke,“ he says. “I think our generation will say, Why are you not questioning me? I think thats going to be a huge change.“ One that cant come soon enough.（分数：70.00）(1).What should hospitals do if medical errors happen, according to Boothman?A. Hire a lawyer to defend for themselves in court.B. Pay th
30、e patients as much as they demand.C. Revolutionize their approach.D. Be open and honest, and compensate the patients.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What punishment will hospitals with high infection rates receive by the reform law?A. They wont be reimbursed for the cost of preventable complications.B. They wi
31、ll get less Medicare payments from 2015.C. They will be fined for quite a lot of money.D. They will be required to report infection rates to the public.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does Dr. Robert Truog mean by saying “on the steep part of the learning curve“?A. There will be more and more people joini
32、ng the interactive workshop.B. The number of people having been trained reaches the highest point.C. The number of people coming to the workshop begins to decline.D. Most of people still dont like to be trained in the interactive workshop.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What was the doctors attitude who took l
33、atex gloves during the operation towards the patient?A. Concerned. B. Neglected. C. Sympathetic. D. Resentful.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).There are so many patients that die from central-line infections every year because _.A. there are no clear directions for preventing such infectionsB. this kind of harm
34、 to patients is inevitableC. the skill of the insertion of central-line catheters is immatureD. doctors dont do their tasks as what the guidelines require（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Why does the battle to reduce central-line infections continue according to the survey?A. Because the five-point central-line
35、 checklist doesnt work very wellB. Because hospitals have no time and educational resources for the checklistC. Because hospitals and healthcare leaders dont want to make much effortD. Because the nurses dont supervise senior physicians（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).what happens in a patient-driven hospital?A
36、. Staff members pull a cord to stop an error B. Serious errors must not happenC. Errors are considered an individual weaknessD. Errors are viewed as a flaw in the system（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Pronovost _ by the nurses without exceptions when he asks them whether they would point out a senior physician
37、s improper operation（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Denise，if there is a problem in _，patients may be harmed innocently（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Thanks to _，according to Mengyao Liang，people no longer feels embarrassed on admitting having made a mistake（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
38、四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. Womens fashion changes slowlyB. It is foolish to spend too much money on clothesC. Its no need to buy clothes with styleD. Everyone should have his own style（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. They should meet at the coffee shop now B. They have to deal with something urgentC.
39、 They are not able to meet tomorrowD. They have to change the place to meet（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He should have left 2 hours ago B. His roommate should have seven the doctorC. He is exaggerating the waiting time D. His roommate cant always be believable（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. A book B. A watchC. A
40、 caseD. Some coins（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. His grades got betterB. He planned to be a great mathematicianC. He quitted from the department of mathematicsD. He failed his maths exam（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. The man has never seen the woman before B. They work for the same companyC. They work on the same
41、 floorD. The woman is interested in market research（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The instruction is hard to understand B. He is seeking for a person with Ph.D.C. He has got a Ph.D in computer science D. No one could repair his computer（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He doesnt know much about acting B. He doesnt t
42、hink the actors are professionalC. The acting seems professional to himD. He thinks actor is a painstaking profession（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. It is ghastly. B. It is enjoyable.C. It is a waste of time. D. It is unbearable.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A.By reading papers. B. By taking a nap.C. By chatting wit
43、h friends. D. By playing a bridge game.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He has to get up before 6:00 every day.B. He often comes across friends on the platform.C. lie has to spend 3.5 hours sitting in a train every day.D. He likes to sleep on the train on the way home at night.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. To appl
44、y for graduate education. B. To apply to finish his study.C. To ask for special status. D. To request access to better faculty.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He has physical impairment.B. He has certain weaknesses in his academic background.C. H e has poor family background.D. He has violated school rules.
45、（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The man can be enrolled for one semester. B. The man will be enrolled one semester later.C. The man has been denied for bad behaviors. D. The man is enrolled for his good progress.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. The man will get a small Sum as financial compensation.B. The school com
46、mittee is unreasonable in enrolling students.C. Financial aid is accessible only to regular students.D. The man can enjoy tuition reduction if he studies hard.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage One（分数：21.00）(1).A. The universe can become static at any moment.B. The universe is as vu
47、lnerable as a pencils point.C. The universe may stay still but unlikely to last long.D. The universe is bound to collapse someday.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. About equal numbers of galaxies are moving toward and away from us.B. Almost all galaxies are moving away from us.C. A small handful of galaxies a
48、re getting close to us.D. The close a galaxy is the faster it is moving towards us.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A.Albert Einsteins Relativity predicts the end of the universe.B. To explain new discoveries, we can turn to inventive persons.C. Scientists have not yet proved the expansion of the universe.D. Galaxies in the universe seems to be growing more and more.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage Two（分数：21.00）(1).A. It can be cured by a kind of operation. B. It can be cured by a kind of medicine.C. Its main symptom is “forgetful“. D. The old often suffer from it.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. It can help
