1、大学六级-1381 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)The Next SocietyThe new economy may or may not materialize, but there is no doubt that the next society will be with us shortly. In the developed world, and probably in the emerging
2、countries as well, this new society will be a good deal more important than the new economy (if any). It will be quite different from the society of the late 20th century, and also different from what most people expect. Much of it will be unprecedented. And most of it is already here, or is rapidly
3、 emerging.In the developed countries, the dominant factor in the next society will be something to which most people are only just beginning to pay attention: the rapid growth in the older population and the rapid shrinking of the younger generation. Politicians everywhere still promise to save the
4、existing pension system, but they-and their constituents-know perfectly well that in another 25 years people will have to keep working until their mid-70s, health permitting.What has not yet sunk in is that a growing number of older people-say those over 50-will not keep on working as traditional fu
5、ll time nine-to-five employees, but will participate in the labor force in many new and different ways: as temporaries, as part-timers, as consultants on special assignments, and so on. What used to be personnel and are now known as human resources departments still assume that those who work for an
6、 organization are full-time employees. Employment laws and regulations are based on the same assumption. Within 20 or 25 years, however, perhaps as many as half the people who work for an organization will not be employed by it, certainly not on a full-time basis. This will be especially true for ol
7、der people. New ways of working with people at arms length will increasingly become the central managerial issue of employing organizations, and not just of businesses.The shrinking of the younger population will cause an even greater upheaval, if only because nothing like this has happened since th
8、e dying centuries of the Roman Empire. In every single developed country, but also in China and Brazil, the birth rate is now well below the replacement rate of 2.2 live births per woman of reproductive age. Politically, this means that immigration will become an important and highly divisive issue
9、in all rich countries. It will cut across all traditional political alignments. Economically, the decline in the young population will change markets in fundamental ways. Growth in family formation has been the driving force of all domestic markets in the developed world, but the rate of family form
10、ation is certain to fall steadily unless bolstered by large-scale immigration of younger people. The homogeneous mass market that emerged in all rich countries after the Second World War has been youth-determined from the start. It will now become middle-age-determined, or perhaps more likely it wil
11、l split into two: a middle-age-determined mass market and a much smaller youth-determined one. And because the supply of young people will shrink, creating new employment patterns to attract and hold the growing number of older people (especially older educated people) will become increasingly impor
12、tant.Knowledge is allThe next society will be a knowledge society. Knowledge will be its key resource, and knowledge workers will be the dominant group in its workforce. Its three main characteristics will be: Borderlessness, because knowledge travels even more effortlessly than money. Upward mobili
13、ty, available to everyone through easily acquired formal education. The potential for failure as well as success. Anyone can acquire the “means of production“,i. e, the knowledge required for the job, but not everyone can win.Together, those three characteristics will make the knowledge society a hi
14、ghly competitive one, for organizations and individuals alike. Information technology, although only one of many new features of the next society, is already having one hugely important effect: it is allowing knowledge to spread near-instantly, and making it accessible to everyone. Given the ease an
15、d speed at which information travels, every institution in the knowledge society-not only businesses, but also schools, universities, hospitals and increasingly government agencies too- has to be globally competitive, even though most organizations will continue to be local in their activities and i
16、n their markets. This is because the Internet will keep customers everywhere informed on what is available anywhere in the world, and at what price.This new knowledge economy will rely heavily on knowledge workers. At present, this term is widely used to describe people with considerable theoretical
17、 knowledge and learning: doctors, lawyers, teachers, accountants, chemical engineers. But the most striking growth will be in “knowledge technologists“ computer technicians, software designers, analysts in clinical labs, manufacturing technologists, paralegals. These people are as much manual worker
18、s as they are knowledge workers; in fact, they usually spend far more time working with their hands than with their brains. But their manual work is based on a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge which can be acquired only through formal education, not through an apprenticeship. They are not
19、, as a rule, much better paid than traditional skilled workers, but they see themselves as “professionals“ . Just as unskilled manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the 20th century, knowledge technologists are likely to become the dominant social-and perhap
20、s also political-force over the next decades. The new protectionismStructurally, too, the next society is already diverging from the society almost all of us still live in. The 20th century saw the rapid decline of the sector that had dominated society for 10,000 years: agriculture. In volume terms,
21、 farm production now is at least four or five times what it was before the First World War. But in 1913 farm products accounted for 70% of world trade, whereas now their share is at most 17%. In the early years of the 20th century, agriculture in most developed countries was the largest single contr
22、ibutor to GDP; now in rich countries its contribution has dwindled to the point of becoming marginal. And the farm population is down to a tiny proportion of the total.Manufacturing has traveled a long way down the same road. Since the Second World War, manufacturing output in the developed world ha
23、s probably tripled in volume, but inflation adjusted manufacturing prices have fallen steadily, whereas the cost of prime knowledge products-health care and education-has tripled, again adjusted for inflation. The relative purchasing power of manufactured goods against knowledge products is now only
24、 one-fifth or one-sixth of what it was 50 years ago. Manufacturing employment in America has fallen from 35% of the workforce in the 1950s to less than half that now, without causing much social disruption. But it may be too much to hope for an equally easy transition in countries such as Japan or G
25、ermany, where blue-collar manufacturing workers still make up 25-30% of the labor force.The decline of farming as a producer of wealth and of livelihoods has allowed farm protectionism to spread to a degree that would have been unthinkable before the Second World War. In the same way, the decline of
26、 manufacturing will trigger an explosion of manufacturing protectionism-even as lip service continues to be paid to free trade. This protectionism may not necessarily take the form of traditional tariffs, but of subsidies, quotas and regulations of all kinds. Even more likely, regional blocks will e
27、merge that trade freely internally but are highly protectionist externally. The European Union, NAFFA and Mercosur already point in that direction.The future of the corporationStatistically, multinational companies play much the same part in the world economy as they did in 1913. But they have becom
28、e very different animals. Multinationals in 1913 were domestic firms with subsidiaries abroad, each of them self-contained, in charge of a politically defined territory, and highly autonomous. Multinationals now tend to be organized globally along product or service lines. But like the multinational
29、s of 1913, they are held together and controlled by ownership. By contrast, the multinationals of 2025 are likely to be held together and controlled by strategy. There will still be ownership, of course. But alliances, joint ventures, minority stakes, know-how agreements contracts will increasingly
30、be the building blocks of a confederation. This kind of organization will need a new kind of top management.In most countries, and even in a good many large and complex companies, top management is still seen as an extension of operating management. Tomorrows top management, however, is likely to be
31、 a distinct and separate organ: it will stand for the company. One of the most important jobs ahead for the top management of he big company of tomorrow, and especially of the multinational, will be to balance the conflicting demands on business being made by the need for both short-term and long-te
32、rm results, and by the corporations various constituencies: customers, shareholders, knowledge employees and communities.（分数：70.00）(1).The new society will be much more important than the new economy only in the developed countries.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).In another 25 years people will have to keep wor
33、king as full-time employees until their mid- 70s if health permits.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Nowadays in China, because of the population policy, the birth rate has decreased.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).In developed countries, the issue of immigration will become important politically.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).The domi
34、nant part in the next societys work force is（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6)._ makes knowledge spread rapidly and available to everyone.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7)._ had dominated society for 10,000 years but declined rapidly in the 20th century.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).In order to adjust for inflation, the cost of _ which a
35、re the main knowledge products was tripled.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Multinationals in 1913 were composed of a domestic firms and its self-contained and autonomous（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Top management in the Next society will be a _ organ.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，
36、分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.She hasnt called the travel agency yet.B.The man may have to reschedule his trip.C.She doesnt know when her semester ends.D.The man should take his vacation somewhere else.A.Colins speech was more interesting
37、than any other speakers.B.Colins speech was dull because it was too lengthy and tedious.C.Colins speech wasnt very good but he will do better next time.D.Colins speech was good considering the difficulty of addressing so many audience.A.Decide for himself what is best.B.Communicate his career hopes.
38、C.Stop hindering his own progress.D.Look for another career.A.He plans to sell the books to a collector.B.The old books are worth a lot to collectors.C.He wont sell the books until he has read them.D.The books probably arent worth much in terms of money.A.Brett wont try to get revenge.B.Brett wont b
39、e angry anymore.C.Brett will not always be so busy.D.Brett will have forgotten the womans words.A.The furniture is too heavy to move into the room.B.She thought the furniture would be more expensive.C.She doesnt remember how much the furniture cost.D.She is still thinking about the furniture bought
40、as a bargain.A.Find a hotel nearby again in a few days.B.Accommodate his parents in his dormitory.C.Ask his parents not come until he finds a proper hotel.D.Phone a hotel farther from the campus for a reservation.A.They have to finish it quickly.B.They have to use what they have.C.They have to work
41、hard and do their best.D.They must redo the project and hope it improves.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.A new fuel for buses.B.The causes of air pollution.C.Careers in environmental engineering.D.A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses.A.Her car is
42、 being repaired.B.Parking is difficult in the city.C.The cost of fuel has increased.D.She wants to help reduce pollution.A.A fuel that burns cleanly.B.An oil additive that helps cool engines.C.A material from which filters are made.D.An insulating material sprayed on engine parts.A.The high temperat
43、ures required for its use.B.The lack of trained environmental engineers.C.The opposition of automobile manufacturers.D.The high cost of materials used in its production.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.She is writing a competitive paper for a scholarsh
44、ip.B.She is doing a paper.C.She missed the lecture.D.She is planning to attend the scholarship award ceremony.A.Why species dont avoid extinction by adapting.B.Why species become extinct at the rate they do.C.Why humans arent extinct.D.How many species arent extinct.A.Because every species becomes e
45、xtinct.B.Because humans beings are powerful enough to kill other species.C.Because of over-population.D.Because human being is still a young species though it is exploiting the environment.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00
46、）A.Because people might have to migrate there someday.B.Because it is very much like the earth.C.Because it is easier to explore than other planets.D.Because its atmosphere is different from that of the earth.A.Its chemical elements must be studied.B.Its temperature must be lowered.C.Big spaceships
47、must be built.D.Its atmosphere must be changed.A.It influences the surface temperature of Mars.B.It protects living beings from harmful rays.C.It keeps a planet from overheating.D.It is the main component of the air people breathe.A.Man will probably be able to live there in 200 years.B.Scientists a
48、re rather pessimistic about it.C.Man will probably be able to live there in 100,000 years time.D.Scientists are optimistic about overcoming the difficulties soon.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Nineteenth-century sea captains.B.The development of the steamship.C.The economic importance of sailing ships.D.Employment in the fishing and whaling industries.A.They were protected by a strong United States Navy.B.They were supported by a well-developed railroad.C.Most crew members had experience on foreign ships.D.As part ow
