1、大学六级-1360 及答案解析(总分：667.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)目前有些电视台禁止在节目中使用外来缩略语1对这种做法有人表示支持2有人并不赞成3我认为Should Foreign Abbreviations Be Banned on TV?_（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Factors for Stress and AnxietyAt some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience s
2、tressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:Risk Facto
3、rsConditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following:* An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship).* Persistent
4、 stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event (such as an automobile accident).* Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease.People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors:* Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-t
5、erm abnormalities (反常) in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress.* Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events.* Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less e
6、fficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin (血清素) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.)* Immune-regulated diseases: C
7、ertain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿性关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress.* The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.Childhood FactorsCh
8、ildren are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indic
9、ators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility to stress.Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly
10、 if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the childs infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infa
11、nts mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their childrens behavior.Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may dif
12、fer. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.Work and StressIn a study of 46,000 w
13、orkers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard.Several studies
14、are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while
15、 on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi.Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put inte
16、nse pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 year
17、s, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly $150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hyper
18、tension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally.In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions:*
19、 Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off.* Establish or reinfor
20、ce a network of friends at work and at home.* Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks.* Learn to focus on positive outcomes.* If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company.* If this isnt possible, be sure
21、 to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time.It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy
22、 had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports.CaregivingStudies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers
23、who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress.Int
24、ervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers
25、.Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally.Anxiety Disord
26、ersPeople who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorde
27、r did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety.Lacking a Social NetworkThe lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向) one to stress disorders and stress-re
28、lated health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. A
29、nother study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress.Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that
30、 support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.（分数：70.00）(1).Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in
31、 which _.（分数：7.00）A.two persons with different characteristics work togetherB.a person always recalls past painful experienceC.a person has just get over a serious physical diseaseD.parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing(2).Immune-regulated diseases are related to stress because su
32、ch diseases _.（分数：7.00）A.tend to produce a stress-related chemicalB.will affect a persons character severelyC.will make people weak in body and soulD.tend to undermine the response to stress(3).We can consider our children under stress when they _.（分数：7.00）A.are unable to communicate their feelings
33、accuratelyB.have trouble communicating their responses to eventsC.often feel abdominal pain without a known reasonD.have a poor and overcrowded family(4).Stress is likely to strike teenaged girls when they _.（分数：7.00）A.have an aggressive and anti-social motherB.fail to build a sound relationship wit
34、h palsC.get into a new school environmentD.fail to pass an important school test(5).Which one is the most serious effect of chronic work stress according to the passage?（分数：7.00）A.Harassment.B.Violence.C.Heart burden.D.Karoushi.(6).The 2-year-long study is presented in the passage mainly to show tha
35、t stress management programs _.（分数：7.00）A.cost littleB.cost muchC.benefit the employersD.benefit the employees(7).What does the author suggest doing when we cant endure a job?（分数：7.00）A.Changing to a new institute.B.Asking senior colleagues for help.C.Founding a sound social network.D.Focusing more
36、on positive outcomes.(8).Caregivers of disabled family members are reported to undergo a mortality rate of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to the program in 2002, caregivers were expected to reduce stress by _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Older people who maintain active relationships with their adult child
37、ren have less stress because they have someone to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)A.He does not have a good hearing.B.He has been driving madly for a year.C.He never takes what she says seriously.D.He is always impatient with her.A.She lost a finger.B
38、.Someone hit her in the nose.C.She became a surgical nurse.D.She had an operation on her nose.A.Attending the party.B.Visiting some friends.C.Studying for an exam.D.Writing a letter of apology.A.Teachers like Prof. Johnson are rare.B.Prof. Johnson has won a million dollars.C.There are many teachers
39、as good as Prof. Johnson.D.Prof. Johnson is likely to be teaching at that school.A.She did well on the test.B.Shes going away for a while.C.She didnt have to work hard for the exam.D.She worked hard and earned a lot of money.A.He believes the Browns have done a sensible thing.B.He believes it is bet
40、ter for the Browns to invest later.C.He doesnt think the Browns investment is a wise move.D.He doesnt think the Browns should move to another place.A.The man can use her computer.B.She cant afford a computer right now.C.She cant finish her assignment, either.D.The man should buy a computer right awa
41、y.A.Dr. Johnson and the guest speaker were schoolmates.B.Dr. Johnson invited the economist to visit their school.C.The guest lecturers opinion is different from Dr. Johnsons.D.The economist and Dr. Johnson come from different schools.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just hea
42、rd.（分数：28.00）A.American literature.B.Elementary education.C.Psychology.D.Experimental medicine.A.They are professional story-tellers.B.They are the parents of young children.C.The stories will help them improve their vocabulary.D.The stories are required for a course.A.Developmental psychologists.B.
43、Friends of the speakers.C.The same person.D.Fictional characters.A.At the beginning of a semester.B.During midterm week.C.At the end of a semester.D.In the middle of summer vacation.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.She is a good friend of Professor Gil
44、more.B.She used to work for Professor Gilmore.C.She heard of it from other students.D.She arranges the job for Larry.A.Just so so.B.Quite good.C.Fewer than other jobs.D.None of them know the salary.A.Grade all the homework.B.Clean the professors office.C.Help the professor in the classroom.D.Sort al
45、l the documents.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Foreign words are best suited for announcements.B.The ideas expressed in foreign words sound new.C.Foreign words make new subjects easier to understand.D.The use of forei
46、gn words makes the media more popular.A.They trust the media.B.They respect experts.C.They are willing to learn about new things.D.They are good at learning foreign languagesA.Foreign products and experts.B.The interest of young Japanese.C.Best-selling Japanese textbooks.D.The media and government p
47、apers.A.It sells very well in JapanB.It is supported by the government.C.It is questioned by the old generation.D.It causes misunderstanding among the readers.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.They are often exploited by the public.B.They are ofte
48、n considered lazy and dishonest.C.They are often offered jobs with high incomes.D.They are often employed as skilled and semi-skilled workers.A.They buy houses by themselves.B.They receive houses from their parents.C.They have at least some experience of college.D.They have difficulty increasing their savings greatly.A.They are not their own bosses.B.They can not earn much money.C.They are not interested in their jobs.D.They
