1、大学六级-1312 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.假如你是李静，你想向校长申请参加西部大开发，你要给校长写一封信，信的内容包括：1表达自己想要参加西部大开发的愿望；2简要说明自己的理由。（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)A Dose of RealityMajor Reality CheckWhen the pain reliever Vioxx was Withdrawn from the market last fall after the
2、 announcement that it increased patients risk of heart attacks and strokes, millions of Americans panicked. The sometimes sensationalized headlines didnt help. People wondered, “Should I trust my doctor?“ “Could a medication that I thought would help me actually kill me?“ “Is our drug safety system
3、broken?“Suddenly, ads for the drug were replaced with ads looking for Vioxx “victims“. Law firms across the nation began recruiting anyone who had ever taken the drug as plaintiffs (原告) for class-action (公诉) suits. Merck, the company that developed the drug, could be liable for billions of dollars,
4、making it one of the costliest liability cases ever, No surprise, then, that Mercks stock plummeted(垂直落下) 40 percent in just six weeks.But the real cost was even greater. Not only did patients stop taking Vioxx but, doctors say, many people stopped taking their other medicines, toosometimes putting
5、their health at serious risk.Vioxx was the first pebble in the pharmaceutical rock slide. Soon, accusations about a spate of other drugs were making headlines, including all COX-2 inhibitors which, like Vioxx, relieve pain. The charges didnt stop there. The FDA was accused of simply robber-stamping
6、new drugs; drug companies. were blamed for hiding information about unsafe products; .and the efficacy(功效) of clinical trials that did not reveal how large numbers of people would react was questioned. But one question that was rarely asked could determine whether or not pharmaceutical companies con
7、tinue to develop and produce breakthrough medications that can save or extend lives and help people live without pain. The question: do Americans expect drugs to be risk-free? And, if someone suffers a bad reaction, will lawyers rather than doctors be the first people we call?Panic over Pills: Overr
8、eaction?During the ten-year period between 1994 and 2004, the FDA approved 321 completely new drugs (this doesnt include approvals for changes to existing medicines), bringing the total to more than 10,000 drug products on the market. During that same period, eight drugs were withdrawn for reasons o
9、f safety, such as the diet drug fenfluramine (fen-phen, associated with heart-valve disease) and the allergy drug Seldane (linked to heart arrhythmias). But the Vioxx recall created a shock wave for the American consumer like no other. Many people had come to depend on their “meds“, and they expecte
10、d them to be safe, too, especially when they cost so much. Prescription drugs account for, some Say, the fastest growing segment (about one- tenth) of all health expenditures, with some specialty drugs costing hundreds of dollars per dose.“With Vioxx, the real shock and outrage came when there was a
11、 suggestion that people in authority may have known about these harmful side effects and not shared them with doctors or the public,“ says Anne Woodbury, chief health advocate for the Center for Health Transformation, a think tank founded by Newt Gingrich. It made people question their faith in the
12、pharmaceutical industry, federal regulators and physiciansthose we trust to make sure our drugs are safe. Before, taking a newly prescribed pill with a slug of water was as routine as brushing your teeth. For many people, this is no longer the case.People have reason to worry. In clinical trial data
13、 submitted to the FDA, Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems. The drug was approved in May 1999. But after Vioxx hit the market and grew in popularity, heart problems were revealed lots of them. Tens of thousands of people may have been affected, and Merck was accused of hiding that informati
14、on.“The system is not perfect,“ comments Marianne J. Legato, MD, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. “Sometimes a company may not want to show data that are negative till they really know whats going on. But its ridiculous to sug
15、gest that they would suppress things willy-nilly, because if a drug is going to cause severe side effects, its not in their best interest to hide that.“How Side Effects EmergeHow can dangerous side effects take years, or even decades, to become known? A new drug is first tested on animals. If the re
16、sults indicate that its likely to be both safe and effective, the company applies to the FDA for permission to begin testing it in humans. Human studies have three phases: to evaluate safety, to determine effectiveness, end to verify safety, dosage and effectiveness. Although a trial may extend as l
17、ong as five years and often includes between 3,0DO and 10,000 people, each participant may only receive the medication for a period of weeks or months. Statistically, rare and dangerous side effects may not emerge until millions of people have used the drug, after FDA approval.So why dont we test dr
18、ugs on more people and for longer periods of time? For one thing, quicker approvals may save lives, as with drugs for AIDS or a vaccine for a newly emerging flu pandemic. Another reason is cost. “It already costs a billion dollars to get a drag from an idea to the market,“ rays Corr. “If we had to s
19、tudy a million patients before we took a drug to market, there would never be another drug.“Monitoring after ApprovalAfter a drug is approved, it is subject to post-market surveillance(监督). The FDA analyzes reports of “adverse events“, or drug side effects, which come from the industry, from ongoing
20、 clinical trials and through its Mad Watch program, to which consumers, physicians, pharmacists and other health professionals voluntarily report problems.Negative reports about a drug thats on the market can yield crucial new information. “Clinical trials that are negative are, many times, just as
21、important as the trials that show positive results,“ says Marvin Lipman, MD, chief medical adviser for Consumer Reports. Legislation was introduced in both the House and Senate in October 2004 to establish a registry of all clinical trials and their results. “We are the most regulated industry in th
22、e world,“ rays Corr. “And frankly, thats how it should be. If there is a problem with a drug, We want to know about it sooner rather than later.“Consumers may know sooner too. In February the FDA announced the creation of an independent Drug Safety Oversight Board to provide expanded and faster drug
23、-safety information to doctors and patients. While there will always be risks, the Public may be better equipped to judge and act on them.“We still need to be willing to take personal responsibility for assessing the risk-benefit ratio of a medication,“ says Legato. “Yes, you have to be completely i
24、nformed to do it. And, yes, its complex. But if we dont do this, ifs like going back to the Middle Ages when there were no risks, except of dying by the age of 26. We have nearly doubled life expectancy since the beginning of the 20th century. That did not happen by accident. Prescription drugs have
25、 played a huge role.“How You Can Make Informed DecisionsSince there is no such thing as a pill that is completely safe, including aspirin, consumers have to accept the dichotomy (二分法) that the same medicines that extend and enhance our lives may hurt us; some of them may merely have minor side effec
26、ts, while others con. be lethal. So how should you and your doctor proceed? Weigh the risks and benefits of any drug. As a smart consumer you must decide whether a drug is “safe enough“ for you. The greater the benefit, the more risk you may be willing to take. If your illness is mild and not very b
27、othersome, you may decide that any risk is too big and opt against taking any medication at all. Conversely; if your illness is serious or potentially life threatening, you may even be willing to try an experimental drug with greater risk for serious side effects. Be especially cautious about new dr
28、ugs. New drugs are inherently risky. So if youre taking one, monitor yourself carefully. Have your eating and digestive habits changed? Are you feeling unusually tired or conversely agitated(激动的)? Have your breathing patterns or skin color changed? If so, call your doctor immediately, who may tell y
29、ou to stop taking the drug. How does a consumer know that a drug is new? Ask your doctor or pharmacist. lf you have a choice between two equally effective drugs, choose the one with a longer track record of safety. If you ere taking a drug in the same class as one that, has been recalled, it is prud
30、ent to ask your doctor if that drug places you at greater risk. Know if youre in a high-risk group. Although scientists still dont know precisely why, certain individuals have bad reactions to a drug or to a particular dose of a drug, while others donttaco metabolize drugs differently than women do,
31、 for examplebe especially vigilant (警惕的) if you are very young, very old or pregnant. Drugs usually arent tested on these groups. “I worry the most about the elderly,“ says Avorn. “They are vastly under-represented in trials of drugs, yet they ere the most likely to be taking the drugs when they ere
32、 approved.“ Ask the right questions. When you get a new prescription, never leave the doctors office without a deer understanding of why youre taking the drug, how to take it, end how youll know if its working. Even if it makes you a bit uncomfortable, ask. You are responsible for your own health an
33、d safety. “If the doctor doesnt want to answer questions, you should probably find another doctor,“ says Avorn. After your visit; if you still have questions, call or e-mail the doctor. Use your pharmacist as an expert consultant for any additional concerns you have about the drug or its side effect
34、s. You can also call the drag companys toll-free number for more information, or go to its website.（分数：70.00）(1).Mercks stock plummeted 40% in six weeks because some Vioxx “victims“ died.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).The withdrawing of Vioxx only led to some accusations about some other pain relievers.（分数：7.0
35、0）填空项 1:_(3).Many people expected the medicines they took to be safe when the medicines cost a lot.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems in its clinical trial.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).The company can apply to the FDA for permission to begin human studies when the results of ani
36、mal studies indicate that the new drug is like to be _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Corr thinks that if there is any problem with a drug, ifs better to know it _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).According to Legato, prescription drags have played an important role in the extension of life expectancy since _（分数：7.00）填空项 1
37、:_(8).If a drug can bring great benefit to a patient, the patient may be willing to take the drug even with the risk for _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).New drugs usually are not tested on the people who are _（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).If you have may concern about a new drag or its side effects, you can ask your d
38、octor or pharmacist questions, or call the drug company for _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.Camp in the mountains.B.Stay at his own house.C.Write to his girlfriend.D.Hold
39、 his uncles mails.A.He doesnt understand his staff.B.His computer doesnt work properly.C.He doesnt know how to apply computer theory.D.He is unable to add the figures.A.Cowardly.B.Anxious.C.Lazy.D.Courageous.A.She made a reservation for the 9:00 flight.B.She changed the reservation.C.She found they
40、were late for the 8:00 flight.D.She misunderstood the man.A.He couldnt make any sense out of his course.B.He hasnt taken more then one philosophy course.C.He is a philosophy major.D.He hasnt taken any philosophy course in that department.A.A dentist.B.A cook.C.A dietician.D.A twirler.A.Go for a swim
41、.B.Make better use of time.C.Follow the official procedure.D.Watch television.A.She doubts he makes much money now.B.Shes surprised that he chose that company.C.She doesnt know when her. classes started.D.She wonders why hes kept his job.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just
42、 heard.（分数：21.00）A.The CPU is broken.B.The screen is flashingC.It doesnt w0rk.D.It dropped to the floor.A.The company will compensate the customer.B.The company will refund the customers money.C.The company will replace it.D.The company will do nothing about it.A.Exchange the computer for the woman.
43、B.Refund the womens money.C.Give the woman anything she likes in the store.D.Give the woman a store credit with which she can buy anything in the store.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.The close-ups are perfect.B.The dialogues are easy to understand.C.
44、Its not boring at all.D.It doesnt tell any story.A.Because its dark.B.Because it makes her think.C.Because there are two-dimensional characters in it.D.Because the dialogues in it are superficial.A.Gun fights end exploding cars.B.Depressing stories.C.Intense characters.D.Dark background.A.Comedy.B.L
45、ight movie.C.Mystery movie.D.Action movie.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)passage oneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.On April 26,1611.B.On April 23,1611.C.On April 26,1616.D.On April 23,1616,A.In 1585.B.In 1584.C.In 1583.D.In 1586.A.People know almost nothing a
46、bout Shakespeares early life.B.Shakespeare was already well known before he went to London.C.People know a lot about Shakespeares life in London.D.People know only a little about Shakespeares life in London.A.Shakespeare was not interested in making a profit.B.Shakespeare could get one-tenth of the
47、profits of the Globe Theater.C.Shakespeare, like his fellow writers, had no business sense.D.Shakespeares fellow writers shared the same profits as he did.passage twoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Kings and queens, princes and princesses, and lords and la
48、dies built castles in order to get more land. .B.Around the outside of a castle, a moat was dug, which was often filled with water.C.A castle was built behind a thick end high stonewall, which was strong enough to stand the possible attack of enemies.D.If a drawbridge was pulled up, there was no way for people to enter the castle.A.They lived a luxurious life and their diet was very delicate.B.They lived a highly civilized court life.C.They lived a primitive life and their table manners were often rude.D.They lived a comparatively luxurious
