1、大学六级-76 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.BIs Beauty an Advantage?/B 1近年来不少大四学生就业前突击整容 2当今社会崇尚外表的舆论导向是导致上述现象的主要因素 3我对外表美的看法（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BThe Science of Interruptions/BIn 2000, Gloria Mark was hired as a professor at the University of Californ
2、ia. She would arrive at her desk in the morning, full of energy and ready to tackle her to-do list. No sooner had she started one task than a colleague would e-mail her with an urgent request; when she went to work on that, the phone would ring. At the end of the day, Mark had accomplished a fractio
3、n of what she set out to do.Lots of people complain that office multitasking drives them nuts. But Mark studies how high-tech devices affect our behavior, so she was able to do more than complain: She set out to measure how nuts weve all become. She watched cubicle (办公室隔间) dwellers as they surfed th
4、e chaos of modern office life and found each employee spent only ten-and-a-half minutes on any given project before being interrupted. Each short project was itself fragmented into three-minute tasks, like answering e-mail messages or working on a sheet.Marks study also revealed that interruptions a
5、re often crucial to office work. The high-tech workers admitted that many of their daily distractions were essential to their jobs. When someone forwards you an urgent e-mail message, its often something you really do need to see; if a mobile phone call breaks through, it might be the call that save
6、s your hide.For some computer engineers and academics, this realization has begun to raise an attractive possibility: Perhaps we can find an ideal middle ground. If high-tech work distractions are inevitable, maybe we can re-engineer them so we receive all of their benefits but few of their downside
7、s.BThe Birth of Multitasking/BThe science of interruptions began more than 100 years ago with the emergence of telegraph operators the first high-stress, time-sensitive information-technology jobs. Psychologists discovered that if someone spoke to a telegraph operator while he was keying a message,
8、the operator was more likely to make errors. Later, psychologists determined that whenever workers needed to focus on a job that required the monitoring of data, presentation was all important. Using this knowledge, cockpits (驶舱) for fighter pilots were carefully designed so that each dial and meter
9、 could be read with just a glance.Still, such issues seemed remote from the lives of everyday workers. Then, in the 1990s, computers began to experience a rapid increase in speed and power. “Multitasking“ was born; instead of simply working on one program for hours at a time, a computer user works o
10、n several simultaneously. Office workers now stare at computer screens of overwhelming complexity, as they juggle (操纵) messages, text documents, PowerPoint presentations and web browsers. In the modern office we are all fighter pilots.BEffect of Multitasking: Computer-affected Behavior/BInformation
11、is no longer a scarce resource attention is. 20 years ago, an office worker had two types of communication technology: a phone, which required an instant answer, and postal mail, which took days. Now people have dozens of possibilities between these two poles.The result is something like “continuous
12、 partial attention“, which makes us so busy keeping an eye on everything that we never fully focus on anything. This can actually be a positive feeling, inasmuch as the constant email dinging makes us feel needed and desired. But what happens when you take that to the extreme? You get overwhelmed. S
13、anity lies in danger.In 1997, Microsoft recruited Mary Czerwinski, who once worked in NASAs Human-computer Interaction Lab, to conduct basic research to find out how computers affect human behavior. She took 39 office workers and installed software on their computers that would record every mouse cl
14、ick. She discovered that computer users were as restless as hummingbirds. On average, they juggled eight windows at the same time. More astonishing, they would spend barely 20 seconds looking at one window before flipping to another.Why constant shifting? In part it was because of the way computers
15、are laid out. A computer offers very little visual real estate. A Microsoft Word document can cover almost an entire screen. Once you begin multitasking, a computer desktop quickly becomes buried in windows. When someone is interrupted, it takes just over 23 minutes to cycle back to the original tas
16、k. Once their work becomes buried beneath a screenful of interruptions, office workers appear to forget what tasks they were originally pursuing. The central danger of interruptions is not the interruption at all, but the confusion they bring to our short-term memory.BWays to Cope with Interruptions
17、/BWhen Mark and Czerwinski, working separately, looked at the desks of the people they were studying, they each noticed the same thing: Post-it notes. Workers would write brief reminders of the task they were supposed to be working on (“Test DAs PC, Waiting for AL. “). Then they would place them dir
18、ectly in their fields of vision, often in a circle around the edge of their computer screens.These piecemeal efforts at coping pointed to ways that our high-tech tools could be engineered to be less distracting. Czerwinski also noticed many Microsoft people attached three monitors to their computers
19、. They placed their applications on different screens the email on the right side, a web browser on the right and their main work project in the middle so that each application was read at a glance. When the ding on their email program went off, they just peek to the left to see the message.The work
20、ers said this arrangement made them feel calmer. But did more screen area actually help with cognition? To find out, Czerwinski had 15 volunteers sit in front of a regular size 38 cm monitor and complete a variety of tasks designed to challenge their concentration a web search, some cutting and past
21、ing, and memorizing phone numbers. Then the volunteers repeated the tasks using a computer with a massive 105 cm screen.On the bigger screen, some people completed the tasks as much as 44% more quickly. In two decades of research, Czerwinski had never seen a single change to a computer system so sig
22、nificantly improve a users productivity. The clearer your screen, the calmer your mind.BLooking for Better Interruptions/BMark compared the way people work when sitting in cubicles with how they work when theyre at different locations and interact online. She discovered people working in cubicles su
23、ffer more interruptions, but they have better interruptions because their co-workers have a social sense of what theyre doing. When you work next to others, they sense whether youre deeply immersed or relatively free to talk and interrupt you accordingly.Why dont computers work this way? Instead of
24、alerting us to email messages the instant they arrive, our machines could deliver them at optimum moments, when our brains are relaxed. Eric Horvitz at Microsoft is trying to do precisely that. He has been building automated reasoning systems equipped with artificial intelligence that observes a com
25、puter users behavior and tries to predict the moment the user will be mentally free and ready to be interrupted.(1,161 words)（分数：70.00）(1).As Marks study indicated, interruption is a highly undesirable feature in high-tech office work, and therefore we must find a way to avoid them.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(
26、2).Telegraph operation is a less stressful, less attention-demanding information-technology job in comparison with computer operation.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Modern office workers are just like fighter pilots in that both need to monitor data of great complexity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Multitasking, even if
27、 taken to the extreme, can give office workers a positive feeling, since frequent interruptions make them feel much needed and desired.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).According to Mary Czerwinskis research, computer users are constantly shifting from window to window, pausing _ at each one.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).B
28、oth Mark and Czerwinski noticed that some computer users relied on _ as reminders to help them cope with distractions.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).By _ , many Microsoft workers managed to get quicker, easier access to data and make their high-tech tools less distracting.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Czerwinski found t
29、hat no other change to a computer system could more significantly improve a users productivity than _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).People who work next to each other in the same office have more but better interruptions than those who _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Eric Horvitz has been working on AI system that m
30、onitors a computer users behavior and predicts _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)BQuestions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：56.00）A.He forgot about the hockey game.B.He doesnt like to go to hockey games.C.He missed the hockey game because he was ill
31、.D.Hell go with the woman to the next hockey game.A.The mans nervous but believes he will be better tomorrow.B.The man is begging the woman to let him pass the presentation.C.The mans nervous about his presentation because hes unprepared.D.The man left his presentation on the window edge but hell ge
32、t it tomorrow.A.The cafeteria food is very bad.B.The cafeteria food is so scarce.C.The cafeteria food is quite delicious.D.The cafeteria food is much like home-cooked meal.A.The womans camera is broken.B.He wasnt at Dan and Lindas wedding.C.Someone else at the wedding took good pictures.D.Dan and Li
33、nda didnt hire a professional photographer.A.Jenny wont be getting a new roommate after all.B.Jenny wouldnt give specific reasons for her feelings.C.He hadnt heard that Jenny had a new roommate at all.D.He couldnt talk Jenny into getting well with her new roommate.A.Leave the hotel the next morning.
34、B.Ask the hotel clerk for his room key.C.Stay in the hotel for at least two nights.D.Complain to the manager about the extra charges.A.Shell definitely get a good grade because she didnt use Internet sources.B.Shell probably do badly on her paper since she used nothing but Internet sources.C.Shell g
35、et a bad grade because she used Internet sources rather than anything else.D.She wonders how well shell perform on her paper for using Internet sources.A.Take the job offer.B.Try another job.C.Bargain a little bit.D.Concentrate on her studies.BQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you hav
36、e just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.She doesnt know which topic to choose.B.Her assignments are due on the same day.C.Shes concerned about the spotted owl.D.She dislikes her economics class.A.A scarcity of jobs in their field.B.Inadequate training in methods of biological research.C.Difficulties in classifyi
37、ng all of the varieties of owls.D.A lack of funding for their work with endangered species.A.It has numerous traits in common with the spotted owl.B.Its population is increasing.C.It may not survive without special efforts of conservationists.D.Its role in the chain of evolution has not yet been exa
38、mined.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.A house.B.A car.C.A hotel.D.An art gallery.A.He has many pets.B.He has three children.C.He doesnt need a larger house.D.His wife is pregnant.A.House sales company.B.Motor sales company.C.Food sales company.D.Trave
39、l agency.A.She is a travel agent.B.She is a (real) estate agent.C.She sells cars.D.She sells hotels.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Competition in business.B.Government grants.C.A type of economic policy.D.Intern
40、ational transportation practices.A.American industrialists.B.French economists.C.International leaders.D.Civil War veterans.A.The rights of private business owners should be protected.B.The government shouldnt interfere in private business.C.Politicians should support industrial growth.D.Competition
41、 among companies should be restricted.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are bused on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.To protect beachfront property.B.To reduce the traffic on beach roads.C.To provide privacy for homeowners.D.To define property limits.A.By sending water directly back to th
42、e sea with great force.B.By reducing wave energy.C.By reducing beach width.D.By stabilizing beachfront construction.A.Protecting roads along the shore.B.Building on beaches with seawalls.C.Adding sand to beaches with seawalls.D.Stopping building seawalls.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on
43、 the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.They were expensive.B.No one believes them.C.They were unsuccessful.D.They were often deceptive.A.Consumers were responsive.B.Consumers were hostile.C.Consumers turned cautious of it.D.Consumers didnt care all the time.A.They became more popular.B.They
44、were more regulated.C.They became less honest,D.They became better produced.A.Massachusetts.B.Texas:C.California.D.Connecticut.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing
45、it, keep the idea secret, orU (36) /Uit.A granted patent is the result of aU (37) /Ustruck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period ofU (38) /Uand publishes full details of his invention to the public after that periodU (39) /U.Only in the mostU (40) /Ucircumsta
46、nces is the life span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.A patent remainsU (41) /Upublic after it has terminated. Indeed, patent experts of- ten advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost ofU (42) /Ua search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation
47、of any other inventors right is to steal and use a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanentlyU (43) /Ufurther patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print.U (44) /UAnyone closely involved in patents and inventions soo
48、n learns that most new ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.U (45) /Uthat makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886.U (46) /UEven the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
