1、大学六级-158 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Family is not an important thing. It“s everything. “ You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 wo
2、rds but no more than 200 words. （分数：106.50）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：4，分数：106.50)（分数：35.50）A.Take a nap.B.Move her legs a little.C.Have a good rest.D.Change her seat.A.The woman has read the novel three years ago.B.The woman doesn“t know the author“s name.C.There are many c
3、haracters in the novel.D.The novel is quite difficult to read.A.The weather.B.The pains in the man“s knees.C.The man“s mother.D.The awful smell in the air.A.She doesn“t like her new job at all.B.She once worked at the school post office.C.She gets five dollars an hour for her recent job.D.Her last j
4、ob is the best she“s ever had.A.To put an ad for her room.B.To decorate the bedroom.C.To rent an apartment.D.To subscribe to the newspaper.（分数：21.30）A.Go swimming with her friends.B.Finish her paper in the library.C.Invite the man to the library.D.Prepare for Prof. Smith“s exam.A.He will not join th
5、e school drama group.B.He will have enough time for the activities.C.He will take more hard courses next term.D.He hasn“t heard of the drama group“s advertisement.A.She wants to give the man a sweater.B.She doesn“t like blue at all.C.Her grandmother is a good tailor.D.She isn“t sure if the sweater i
6、s attractive.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.Outdoor billboards can be traditional or digital ones.B.Outdoor advertising has more advantages than disadvantages.C.Outdoor advertising needs more mediums than other advertising.D.Advertising in heavy-traf
7、fic areas gets little attention.A.It is cheaper than other types of advertising.B.It can get more attention than other forms of advertising.C.It will greatly improve the sales of the products.D.It can be used to attract many new customers.A.Doubtful.B.Indifferent.C.Supportive.D.Reserved.Questions 12
8、 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.A lawyer.B.A teacher.C.A farmer.D.A doctor.A.She has a violent and rude husband.B.She wonders whether to share her secrets with others.C.She has been infected with an infectious disease.D.She has told her family about her problem.
9、A.Doctors need the secrets to treat patients.B.Patients believe doctors are worth trusting.C.Doctors are their good friends.D.Patients don“t care about the secrets.A.Have a talk with her patient.B.Tell the patient“s family about the secret.C.Make the patient recover quickly.D.Seek legal advice from
10、a lawyer.四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：28.40)Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.The pressure from work will peak on Wednesday.B.Wednesday is the furthest from the weekend.C.Something unlucky will happen to people on Wednesday.D.Numerous co
11、nferences must be attended on Wednesday.A.They can manage the time by themselves.B.They can get much sound sleep.C.They can go around with friends.D.They can get together with their family.A.People spend too much time and money on useless things.B.People are about to work again one or two days later
12、.C.People always feel exhausted because of excessive activities.D.People are often required to work overtime on weekends.A.They have scientific foundations.B.They are quite interesting.C.They are worth trusting.D.They are wrong impressions.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：21.30)Questions 20 to 22 are based on
13、 the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.It can help people earn more money.B.It can make people more efficient at work.C.It has benefits as well as disadvantages.D.It will delay our plan because of distractions.A.They may be almost falling asleep.B.They will give up completing their tasks.C.Th
14、ey can focus their minds on work.D.Their work efficiency will be reduced.A.Finish the major work first and then deal with other things.B.Do other things between time segments.C.Do the major work and other things at the same time.D.Cope with trivial things before starting to work.七、Passage Three(总题数：
15、1，分数：21.30)Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.He suffered from a traffic accident.B.He changed his job constantly.C.He lived by driving a taxi.D.He did several jobs at the same time.A.She is a thrifty woman.B.She is good at business investment.C.She is very
16、honest.D.She devotes herself to her job.A.They are rude enough.B.They have passion for work.C.They deserve to be trusted.D.They work hard all the time.八、Section C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)You might want to think twice before making another personal call during work hours. Companies can now buy a service that
17、automatically analyses phone calls made by office staff, 1 which are for business and which are 2 , and delivers a monthly list of repeated offenders directly to top 3 . “If you“re making a 30-second call every morning at about 9:00 a.m. and the number doesn“t 4 those used by your colleagues, then w
18、e can guess fairly 5 that“s your spouse,“ says Robert Picton, product manager at South African IT firm Dimension Data. Picton says that although other IT companies also can offer call analysis technology, Didata is the first to 6 that information for companies“ managers. Didata says a company can cu
19、t its phone costs by 10 to 15 percent by using the “Guardian“ monthly service, not to mention hours of 7 saved through increased productivity. Employees might be angry with the thought of managers 8 calls. But Didata says the system focuses only on those who run up huge bills or spend hours of work
20、time on personal calls, and says no one listens in to the calls themselves. “Obviously it is acceptable to make a few calls home,“ said Picton. “And this is about the 9 who are spending 12 hours a month on the phone for non-business purposes.“ So, if you want to make personal calls during work hours
21、 from now on, please think twice! Otherwise, when you are faced with your evidence of the offence, you will be 10 . （分数：71.00）填空项 1:_九、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.50)On the evening before All Saints“ Day in 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of a church in
22、Wittenberg. In those days a thesis was simply a 1 one wanted to argue. Today a doctoral thesis is both an idea and an 2 of a period of original research. Writing one is the aim of the hundreds of thousands of students who 3 on a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) every year. In most countries a PhD is a
23、basic requirement for a career in academia. It is an introduction to the world of independent researcha kind of 4 masterpiece, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a supervisor. The requirements to complete one vary 5 between countries, universities and even subjects. Some students w
24、ill first have to spend two years working on a master“s degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend (生活津贴) ; others will pay their own way. Some PhDs 6 only research, some require classes and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A thesis can be dozens of pages in mat
25、hematics, or many hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their early 20s or world-weary forty-somethings. One thing many PhD students have in common is 7 . Some describe their work as “slave labour“. Seven-day weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain prospects are
26、widespread. Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be 8 problems with the system that produces research doctorates (the practical “professional doctorates“ in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value). There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate i
27、s designed as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is unrelated to the number of job openings. Meanwhile, business leaders 9 about shortages of high-level skills, suggesting PhDs are not teaching the right things. The fiercest critics 10 research doctorates to Ponzi or pyramid
28、 schemes. A. account B. acquisition C. aggressively D. cognitive E. compare F. complain G. contain H. dissatisfaction I. embark J. enormously K. genetic L. genuine M. intellectual N. involve O. position（分数：35.50）十一、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)How “Second Brain“ Influences Mood and Well-BeingA. As Olymp
29、ians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of “butterflies“ in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元) lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our “second brain“. A
30、 deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain dise
31、ases throughout the body. B. Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. “The second brain doesn“t help with the great thought processes.religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head,“ says Michael Gershon,
32、 chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Centre, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain. C. Technically known as the enteric (肠的) nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the
33、 long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel“ the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear
34、in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line. D. Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can
35、control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection “on site,“ rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). “The brain in the head doesn“t need to get its hands dirty wi
36、th the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut,“ Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brain“s complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone. E. “The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sur
37、e things move out of your bowel,“ says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the pri
38、mary gut nerve, the vagus (迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. “Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant,“ Gershon says. F. The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. “A big part of our emotions are probably in
39、fluenced by the nerves in our gut,“ Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomachsignaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon saysis but one example. Although gastrointestinal (胃肠的)(GI) chaos can sour one“s moods, everyday emotional well- being may rely on messages from the br
40、ain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nervea useful treatment for depressionmay mimic these signals, Gershon says. G. Given the two brains“ commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous
41、 system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body“s serotonin (血清素) is found in the bowels. Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels, it“s little wonder that meds (椎间盘镜) mean
42、t to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndromewhich afflicts more than two million Americansalso arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a “mental illness“ of the second brain. H. Scientists are
43、learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis (骨质疏松症).
44、 “It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis,“ says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Centre. I. Serotonin penetra
45、ting from the second brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation (突触形成) between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. “If t
46、hese genes are affected in autism,“ he says, “it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood.“ J. Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into th
47、e workings of the second brainand its impact on the body and mind. “We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system“, Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between dise
48、ases and damages in the gut“s nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis K. Cutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the body“s immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to
49、 expel and kill foreign invaders. UCLA“s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut “communicate“ with enteric nervous system cells (which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry (精神病学) will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders. L. So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Gamesas well as
