1、TOEFL(托福)2 及答案解析(总分：39.80，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Part Structure (总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Willa Cather, _, gained recognition for her books concerning the American frontier.（分数：1.00）A.a novelist and Pulitzer prizewinningB.a Pulitzer prizewinning novelistC.a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist whoD.was a Pulitzer prizewi
2、nning novelist2.The ancient Egyptian water clock required sophisticated calibration, since water dripped faster from its bowl when _ and the pressure was greater.（分数：1.00）A.the full bowlB.was the bowl fullC.bowl fullD.the bowl was full3.Living organisms contain more water _substance.（分数：1.00）A.than
3、do any otherB.does than any otherC.other than do they anyD.than they do any other4.During the 1850, reform movements _temperance and the abolition of slavery gained strength in the United States.（分数：1.00）A.advocatingB.they had advocatedC.to advocatingD.to advocate when5._ land and money enabled cons
4、truction of the Union Pacific railroad to begin from Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 186（分数：1.00）A.By the government granting ofB.Government grants ofC.For the government to grantD.Government grants so that6.In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as _ for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.（分数：1.00）A.his being one of t
5、he finalistsB.to be one of the finalistsC.one of the finalistsD.the one finalist who7.By focusing on the interesting, _ the significant, the penny press newspapers of the 1830s helped to change the concept of news.（分数：1.00）A.which does not necessarilyB.not necessarilyC.was not necessarilyD.nor neces
6、sarily being8.Over the centuries, _ that try to explain the origins of the university.（分数：1.00）A.although many theoriesB.many theoriesC.have many theories beenD.there have been many theories9.The Texas Legislature selected Vassar Miller _ in 1982, and again in 198（分数：1.00）A.was the states poet laure
7、ateB.as the states poet laureateC.the states poet laureateD.become the states poet laureate10.The twentieth century has been a period of enormous growth in mathematical research and in the number of mathematicians and fields _them.（分数：1.00）A.they requireB.requiringC.requireD.as required11.Giant corp
8、orations _ to dominate the United States economy in the late nineteenth century, grew steadily larger during the 1920%.（分数：1.00）A.which beganB.in which beganC.they beganD.which they began12._ crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.（分数：
9、1.00）A.The surface of marble isB.The surface of marble, whichC.Although the surfitce of marbleD.The surface of marble13._. widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.（分数：1.00）A.DespiteB.WhetherC.ThoughD.Except for14.Wild eagles that survive t
10、o adulthood are believed _ from 20 to 30 years.（分数：1.00）A.liveB.to liveC.they liveD.their living15.The planet Venus is almost exactly the same size and mass _ Earth, with a similar interior, including a nickel-iron core.（分数：1.00）A.toB.asC.isD.than二、Section B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)16.(More than) 800 major
11、oil (companv) (have) plants and offices in Tulsa, Oklahoma, (the site) of the international petroleum exposition.（分数：1.00）A.More thanB.companvC.haveD.the site17.(While) models of automobiles date (back as) far as the late 1600s, the 1880s (seen) the first commercial (interest) in the vehicle.（分数：1.0
12、0）A.WhileB.backC.seenD.interest18.(In) June, 1846, (near) Sacramento, California, a (number) of new settlers rebelled in the Bear Flag Revolt and (proclaiming) California an independent republic.（分数：1.00）A.InB.nearC.numberD.proclaiming19.Acoustics, (the) study of sounds, (is) one of the (oldest) of
13、the (physically) sciences.（分数：1.00）A.theB.isC.oldestD.physically20.The “method“, (which is) both a style of (acting a )system of training for the actor, stresses (inner) motivation and psychological (truth.)（分数：1.00）A.which isB.acting aC.innerD.truth21.The constitution of New Hampshire, ( a) second
14、(oldest) among (those)of the fifty states, (was) adopted in 1784.（分数：1.00）A.aB.oldestC.thoseD.was22.The Executive Mansion, (constructed) in the 1790s (and) now (popularly) called the White House, (is oldest) public edifice in Washington,D.C.（分数：1.00）A.constructedB.popularlyC.andD.is oldest23.Anyone
15、with absolute, or perfect, pitch (are) able to identify by ear (any) note at (some)standard pitch or to (sing) a specified note at will.（分数：1.00）A.areB.anyC.someD.sing24.The feathers of birds (not only) protect their skin from injury and conserve (body heat), but also (function) in flight, courtship
16、, camouflage, and sensory (perceptive).（分数：1.00）A.not onlyB.body heatC.functionD.perceptive25.In 1913 (when) he (was) only 18 (year old), Leo Sowerbys violin concerto was (performed by) the Chicago Symphony.（分数：1.00）A.whenB.wasC.year oldD.performed by26.The North American Review, a (magazine was) fi
17、rst (published) in 1815, was one of the (leading) literary (journals) of the past woe centuries.（分数：1.00）A.magazine wasB.publishedC.leadingD.journals27.One of the (most impressive) cultural achievements of the United State (during) the 1920s was a (vastly) outpouring of (serious literature).（分数：1.00
18、）A.most impressiveB.duringC.vastlyD.serious literature28.In (the early) nineteenth century, the Cherokee nation of American Indians (was adopted) a written constitution (based) on (that) of the United States.（分数：1.00）A.the earlyB.was adoptedC.basedD.that29.(Few substances) lock less (alike than )coa
19、l and diamonds, yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.（分数：1.00）A.Few substancesB.alike thanC.are fashionedD.from same30.(Researchers) have found subtle neurological (differences) between the brains of men and women (either) in physical structure and in (the way) they function.（分数：1.0
20、0）A.ResearchersB.differencesC.eitherD.the way三、Part I Listening (总题数：3，分数：3.00)A.The adaptations of the African grass mouse to its environmentB.The sleeping habits of the African grass mouseC.The effect of intense sunlight on the diet of the African grass mouseD.The habitat of the African grass mous
21、eA.It has a flattened shapeB.It has an extra layer of pigmented tissueC.It has a furry coveringD.It has a large cranial cavityA.They are active during daylight hoursB.Their heads are exposed to sunlight while they sleepC.They have only partially adapted to their tropical environmentD.Their wings are
22、 easily damaged by ultraviolet radiationA.It is difficult to defineB.Its causes are often unknownC.Psychologists disagree about how to treatD.Its symptoms often go unnoticedA.To explain the effect it has on mental illnessB.To suggest that it is easier to diagnose than mental illnessC.To discuss the
23、role of medicine in clinical psychologyD.To show the similarities between physical and mental illnessA.Another means of measuring normal behaviorB.Why some politicians arent well adjustedC.How an individuals behavior is influenced by therapyD.Problems often encountered by psychologistsA.To describe
24、ways pests can damage plantsB.To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC.To explain how com plants developD.To describe how a natural pesticide worksA.Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB.Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC.Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD.Knives cutting its stalkA.By flying in circles
25、 around a fieldB.By detecting a chemical signalC.By inspecting individual corn leavesD.By noticing the caterpillars coloration四、Part Vocabulary(总题数：5，分数：5.00)If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming wi
26、th bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from, since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The mo
27、st powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, th
28、e fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures rangi
29、ng in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells. As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from th
30、e organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nu
31、trient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected
32、in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask Material sterilized
33、in such a flask did not putrefy. （分数：0.99）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：0.09）A.Pasteurs influence on the development of the microscope.B.The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation.C.The effects of pasteurization on food.D.Pasteurs argument against the theory of spontaneous gen
34、eration.(2).The phrase “teeming with “in line 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.09）A.full ofB.developing intoC.resistant toD.hurt by(3).Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?（分数：0.09）A.What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some foo
35、d?B.How many types of organisms can be found on food?C.What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?D.How long can food stand before it putrefies?(4).The word “resemble“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.09）A.benefit fromB.appear similar toC.join toget
36、her withD.grow from(5).The purpose of the “guncotton“ mentioned in paragraph 2 was to（分数：0.09）A.trap particles for analysisB.slow the process of putrefactionC.increase the airflow to the microscopic slideD.aid the mixing of alcohol and ether(6).The author mention “l.0mm“ in line 14 in describing the
37、（分数：0.09）A.thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an objectB.diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filtersC.thickness of the microscope slides that were usedD.size of the particles that that were collected(7).The word “postulated“ in line 19 is closest in meaning to（分数：0
38、.09）A.analyzedB.doubtedC.persuadedD.suggested(8).The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were（分数：0.09）A.primarily single-celled organismsB.no different from objects found in putrefying materialsC.fairly rareD.able to live in a mixture of alcohol a
39、nd ether(9).The word “it“ in line 22 refers to（分数：0.09）A.a nutrient solutionB.a glass flaskC.boilingD.spontaneous generation(10).According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?（分数：0.09）A.A sealed containerB
40、.Fresh airC.HeatD.The presence of nutrients(11).It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to（分数：0.09）A.store sterilized liquids for use in future experimentsB.prevent heat from building up in a solutionC.disprove a criticism of his conclusionsD.estimate the number
41、 of organisms in a liter of airOf all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of des
42、ign, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are (5) determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin, Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness m
43、ake it an ideal solo instrument. No less important. however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus (10)of the modern symphony orchestra. The violin has been in existence since a
44、bout 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600s, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-qu
45、atre (15)violons du Roy (The Kings 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century. In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eight
46、eenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired (20)by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes
47、 had to be made to the violins internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility (25)and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering pat
48、terns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes. （分数：0.99）(1). The word “standard“ in line 12 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.09）A.practicalB.customaryC.possibleD.unusual(2). “The Kings 24 Violins“ is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate（分数：0.09）A.how the violin became a renowned instrumentB
49、.the competition in the 1600s between French and Italian orchestrasC.the superiority of French violinsD.why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty(3). What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?（分数：0.09）A.The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.B.The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the world.C.The violin
