1、GRE9及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Previous research has established the lupine wolf as the -|_|-of the modern canine, but when and where humans first domesticated the former into the latter remains unclear.（分数：1.00）A.competitorB.allyC.scionD.preyE.progenitor2.Despite
2、 certain -|_|-habits of the North American screech owl, it performs the majority of its hunting alone, in alpine forests, unfettered by -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.predatory . ecologyB.instinctual . behaviorC.exogamous . kinshipD.omnivorous . dietE.diurnal . darkness3.The reality of governance is rarely -|_|-;
3、 institutions do not operate according to mechanical laws, they evolve organically.（分数：1.00）A.staticB.nobleC.proteanD.documentedE.inconsistent4.Though sometimes -|_|-, all too often technology is seen as a -|_|-for the great economic, social, and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks
4、on the path of modernization.（分数：1.00）A.expensive . solutionB.effective . panaceaC.ignored . salveD.relevant . prerequisiteE.calamitous . fillip5.Even if the public ate up every -|_|-detail about their leaders, that same public grew offended that the news media would actually pander to their baser i
5、mpulses.（分数：1.00）A.mesmericB.loftyC.supineD.resonantE.lubricious6.The -|_|-which in later life he developed towards Charleston suggests that his -|_|-childhood had left unsatisfied his need for a permanent home.（分数：1.00）A.discomfort . humdrumB.attachment . peripateticC.resignation . pedestrianD.indi
6、fference . wilyE.passion . distraught7.Smith is -|_|-, to the degree that he seldom disguises his contempt towards -|_|-activities.（分数：1.00）A.a firebrand . religiousB.a dilettante . convivialC.a philistine . intellectualD.a misanthrope . individualisticE.a plebian . common二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)M
7、ost words are “lexical words“, i.e. nouns signifying “things“, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only “proper nouns“ have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the
8、scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or “universals“. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be famil
9、iar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as “buildings“ or to concepts like “construction“. We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the m
10、oment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words“ or grammatical words, such as “only“ and “under“ which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts
11、assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well. The nomenclaturist stance, in
12、 viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; “reality“ is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Languag
13、e does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world“ . e. g. “where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin“. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relat
14、ionship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the same thing“ but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hovel is another persons home“ Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this se
15、nse, “reality“ or “the world“ is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “the real world“ is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical
16、 world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are “abstractions“, and there is no direct correspondence between words and “things“ in the world. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0
17、.14）A.refuting a belief held by one school of linguisticsB.reviewing an interesting feature of languageC.illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use of languageD.suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfectE.surveying new interesting areas of research in t
18、he field of linguistics(2).The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct correspondence between words and things EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Language has other functions than that of reference.B.Once a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence existsbetwe
19、en it and what it signifies.C.Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world.D.Function words do not refer to objects.E.Proper nouns usually refer to unique entities.(3).Which of the following best describes the authors statement that “an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually se
20、amless may be an exaggeration“ (lines 27-28)?（分数：0.14）A.An assumption based on evidence already presentedB.A concession to the view opposing that of the authorsC.A hypothesis concerning a possible problem with the nomenclaturist viewD.An allusion to an argument presented earlier in the passageE.An e
21、xample of the application of the authors view of language(4).According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the “nomenclaturist“ most likely agree with?（分数：0.14）A.The seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories must be quest
22、ioned.B.The experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences.C.Ideas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them.D.Language, although capable of developing categories, c
23、an never articulate more than particular instances.E.The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the author is LEAST likely to agree with wihich of the following?（分数：0.14）A.Words can be categorized
24、 into different grammatical functions.B.Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated.C.Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified.D.Words may name imaginary, non-physical things.E.The use of categories is essential to the operation of language.(6).It can be inf
25、erred from the passage that the term “reductionist“ would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language?（分数：0.14）A.A number of words exist with identical meanings.B.Several words with different connotations may refer to the same object.C.A word used two centuries ago might re
26、fer to the same object today.D.Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language.E.A word may refer to non-existent objects, categories, and carry multiple connotations.(7).According to the passage, the word “violation“ would best be classified as a -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Function wordB.Le
27、xical wordC.Concept wordD.Category wordE.Grammatical wordElectronic computer speeds are restricted not only by the speed of electrons in matter but also by the escalating density of interconnections necessary to connect the electronic gates on microchips. Electrical engineers and physicists have bee
28、n developing and augmenting the technologies of analog and digital optical computing, in which the information is primarily carried by photons rather than by electrons. Optical computing could, in principle, generate much higher computer speeds, but one of the problems it has encountered lies in acc
29、uracy, for these devices have practical limits of 8 to 11 bits of accuracy in basic operations. Recent research has evinced that digital partitioning algorithms in tandem with error-correction codes, can substantially enhance the accuracy of optical computing operations. In the near term optical com
30、puters will most likely be hybrid optical/electronic systems that preprocess input data for computation and post-process output data via electronic circuits, but nevertheless, the prospect of all-optical computing remains highly attractive.（分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, which of the followi
31、ng is true concerning optical computers?（分数：-0.25）A.Researchers have not yet discovered a means of transporting photons more efficiently.B.Their primary limitation is the density of connections required between electronic microchip gates.C.Their accuracy level is poor at 8 to 11 bits, but still supe
32、rior to that Of electronic computers.D.They invariably rely on electronic circuits to preprocess input data for computation.E.Both analog and digital forms of optic computing are presently being developed by scientists.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be more optimistic
33、about optical computing if which of the following were true?（分数：-0.25）A.Digital partitioning algorithms could be applied to electronic, and not just optical circuits.B.The speed of photons could be shown to be significantly greater than that of electrons.C.The precision level in basic operations can
34、 be substantially increased without great expense.D.The accuracy of electronic circuits used to preprocess input data and post- process data could be greatly increased.E.The microchips optical computer systems were shown to require an increasing density of interconnections.(3).Which of the following
35、 can be inferred from the passage about the technology employed in optical computing?（分数：-0.25）A.The technology is more expensive to develop than the technology that was required in electronic computing.B.The search for technology necessary for all-optical computing is considered unfeasible and has
36、been largely abandoned.C.Optical computers systems that rely on digital partitioning algorithms in tandem with error-correction codes are considered hybrid technology.D.The technology necessary for digital optical computing appears within closer reach than the technology for analog optical computing
37、.E.The most feasible version of optical computing at present is a synthesis of electronic and optical technology.(4).The passage suggests that the author would most probably agree with which of the following assessments of optical computing in its present form?（分数：-0.25）A.Although the future of opti
38、cal computing is impressive, its applications are too limited in scope to justify much optimism.B.The outlook of its development is positive on the surface, but many claims made about it are misleading.C.Efforts to develop the technology have been sufficiently positive to maintain the interest of el
39、ectrical engineers and physicists.D.Because of design flaws, the task of developing optical computing will require greater resources than are presently available.E.The state of development of optical computing is too contradictory to allow for an easy assessment of its future.四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.
40、00)8.ATOMS: CRYSTAL: :（分数：1.00）A.substance: airB.water: densityC.level: ramificationD.numbers: matrixE.agents: reaction9.RECEPTIVE: GULLIBLE : :（分数：1.00）A.secretive: stealthyB.compliant: servileC.wordy: tediousD.insightful: penetratingE.priggish: headstrong10.PERFECT: STIGMA : :（分数：1.00）A.misleading
41、: deceptionB.paradigmatic: deviationC.solvent: contaminationD.impervious: immunityE.endurable: delicacy11.NEFARIOUS: WICKEDNESS: :（分数：1.00）A.sprightly: fastidiousnessB.conspicuous: stealthC.foolhardy: heterodoxyD.generous: liberalityE.inflammatory: acidity12.CAVIL: CRITICIZE : :（分数：1.00）A.chafe: scr
42、ubB.entice: lureC.mandate: requireD.inundate: delugeE.assume: suppose13.EDDY: CURRENT : :（分数：1.00）A.disease: plagueB.pummel: assaultC.knot: plankD.conquest: attackE.commotion: spectacle14.HESITANCY: ALACRITY : :（分数：1.00）A.weather: dangerB.torpor: vigorC.adulation: attractionD.indifference: tediumE.y
43、earning: conception15.COMMENCEMENT: ADJOURNMEN : :（分数：1.00）A.sapphire: fissureB.signal: frequencyC.lasso: spliceD.activity: dormancyE.rule: rebellion16.ARGOT: SUBCULTURE : :（分数：1.00）A.symptom: ailmentB.cipher: settlementC.jargon: professionD.face: individualityE.sign: convention五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数
44、：11.00)17.ARTLESSNESS:（分数：1.00）A.impartialityB.forethoughtC.slynessD.innovationE.bitterness18.INFLATE:（分数：1.00）A.gatherB.perceiveC.reviewD.minimizeE.restrain19.VERDANT:（分数：1.00）A.intelligibleB.sereC.sereneD.frostboundE.portentous20.CODA:（分数：1.00）A.restrictionB.incrementC.incrementD.prefaceE.unprepar
45、ed act21.INVIDIOUS:（分数：1.00）A.evanescentB.insipidC.noticeableD.advantageousE.plentiful22.DISPATCH：（分数：1.00）A.dislikeB.cbliviousnessC.peacefulnessD.abnormalityE.unhurriedness23.SPIRITUAL：（分数：1.00）A.corruptB.corporealC.metaphoricalD.assortedE.transient24.DOFF:（分数：1.00）A.practiceB.grasp firmlyC.conceal
46、 covertlyD.donE.demolish25.CRUX:（分数：1.00）A.peripheral elementB.commencementC.convictionD.afflictionE.gratuity26.EXHAUSTIVE:（分数：1.00）A.waveringB.livelyC.protectedD.brawnyE.incomprehensive27.DIABOLIC:（分数：1.00）A.amicableB.redolentC.mischievousD.lavishE.somberGRE9答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Ti
47、me：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Previous research has established the lupine wolf as the -|_|-of the modern canine, but when and where humans first domesticated the former into the latter remains unclear.（分数：1.00）A.competitorB.allyC.scionD.preyE.progenitor 解析：2.Despite certain -|_|-habits of the North America
48、n screech owl, it performs the majority of its hunting alone, in alpine forests, unfettered by -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.predatory . ecologyB.instinctual . behaviorC.exogamous . kinshipD.omnivorous . dietE.diurnal . darkness 解析：3.The reality of governance is rarely -|_|-; institutions do not operate according to mechanical laws, they evolve organically.（分数：1.00）A.static B.nobleC.proteanD.documentedE.inconsistent解析：4.Though sometimes -|_|-, all too often technology is seen as a -|_|-for the great economic, social, and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the
