1、GRE15及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.The great leaders of the second world war alliance, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, understood the opposing forces of destruction and -|_|-;their war aims were not only to defeat fascism, but to create a world of shared -|
2、_|-.（分数：1.00）A.grief solutionsB.construction prosperityC.disaster antipathyD.hope dominationE.salvation proximity2.In the business world, there is great antagonism over the high level of insecurity and corruption that result from bureaucracy s -|_|-ways, and a feeling that it would unfortunately be
3、-|_|-to reform them.（分数：1.00）A.dilatory . futileB.methodical . difficultC.efficient . dangerousD.malingering . antitheticalE.repugnant . obtuse3.The real problem is not the economic crisis that dominates the headlines, but a pair of intertwined long-term concerns: the shrinking work force, and money
4、 squandered on life support for -|_|-industries and backward regions.（分数：1.00）A.relevantB.moribundC.nascentD.deservingE.thriving4.Having been -|_|-as immoral by some reviewers of Tess of the D Urbervilles four years earlier, Hardy subsequently -|_|-to preface his work with declamatory caveats.（分数：1.
5、00）A.decried . optedB.established . failedC.answered . choseD.regarded . relinquishedE.ignored . desired5.It is the mark of an educated mind to rest -|_|-with the degree of precision which the nature of the subject -|_|-and not to seek exactness where only an approximation is possible.（分数：1.00）A.sat
6、isfiedly . admitsB.convivially . assumesC.fitfully . allowsD.contentedly . rejectsE.sporadically, entails6.Adams was so -|_|-that his friends did not bother to -|_|-him, because they presupposed that he would pay scant attention.（分数：1.00）A.obstinate infuriateB.obedient refuteC.refractory provokeD.in
7、tractable remonstrateE.bizarre palliate7.In view of the fact that his enemies knew him as cheerful, his allies exhorted him, as a matter of self-preservation, to -|_|-himself as taciturn.（分数：1.00）A.disguiseB.transformC.admitD.considerE.recognize二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Scientists studying the effec
8、t of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby
9、 forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gases such as CO,2 from the burning of fossil fuels ma
10、y be threatening the systems tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale. While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C0,2 in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial compared to the quantity produced by human a
11、ctivities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe w
12、ithin weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combin
13、e with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space. There is evidence that volcanoes stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption
14、had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by
15、 Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their
16、effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic er
17、uptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world. （分数：0.98）(1).According to the passage,
18、 scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds because -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environmental effect than that of volcanic explosionsB.clo
19、uds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ash cloudsC.a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converseD.the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but no
20、t those of ash cloudsE.global warming effects tend to minimize the impact of ash clouds, but not those of sulfurous aerosols(2).The passage suggests that the effects of volcanic carbon dioxide on the environment differ from those of sulfurous gases in that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.carbon dioxide tends to al
21、leviate environmental haze, while sulfurous gases usually increase itB.carbon dioxide tends to increase temperatures by trapping sunlight, while sulfurous gases tend to decrease temperatures by blocking itC.carbon dioxide tends to have an effect on the environment, while sulfurous gases for the most
22、 part do notD.sulfurous gases have played an even more significant role than carbon dioxide in pushing environmental temperatures outside the habitable rangeE.sulfurous gases tend to decrease the level of solar radiation outside the earths atmosphere, while carbon dioxide plays only a negligible rol
23、e(3).Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage?（分数：0.14）A.The influence of volcanic eruptions on global weather patterns is almost completely understood at present.B.Scientists have only
24、 begun to understand, however, the effects of these wavelengths of light on the global environment.C.The majority of global cooling effects have thus been attributed to volcanic explosions.D.The human warming activities ameliorate by volcanic eruptions include those produced both by heavy industry a
25、nd agriculture.E.The reason that sulfate aerosols take an unusually large time to disperse owes primarily to meteorological factors, including the jet stream.(4).Which of the following discoveries would likely have an effect upon the views of scientists similar to that of the explosion of El Chico?（
26、分数：0.14）A.The history of wildfires in North America demonstrates that controlled blazes have a positive effect on the environment, on the whole.B.The capability of certain metal alloys to withstand great heat proves greater than that of another, confirming metallurgists suspicions.C.The study of sei
27、smological data proves that existing safety standards in construction will likely prove insufficient in the future.D.One cigarette brand is found to cause fewer cases of cancer than another brand, disproving the notion that the first brands contents are more carcinogenic.E.Ideas concerning the cause
28、s of schizophrenia are complicated by the discovery of a rare new psychotic condition whose symptoms defy explanation.(5).The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25 -26) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points?（分数：0.14）A.The deep and enduring effect that vol
29、canic eruptions have on the environmentB.The process by which classic volcanic eruptions tend to occurC.The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcain eruptionsD.A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are comparedE.The global cooling effects of one of the b
30、est-studied volcanic eruptions(6).Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?（分数：0.14）A.A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.B.Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.C.A problem is described, then a solution is di
31、scussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.D.A view is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.E.A hypothesis is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.(7).The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if volcanic eruptions did not take place?（分数：0.14）A.The environ
32、ment would likely contain fewer non-biodegradable pollutants, due to lesser quantities of sulfurous gases and ash clouds.B.Greenhouse gas effects on rising global temperatures would likely be somewhat less worrisome than those postulated by scientists today.C.Acid rain produced by heavy industry wou
33、ld likely be more of a problem than it currently is, given the tendency of volcanic eruptions to hasten atmospheric cycles.D.Global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial than they are today if volcanic cooling effects ceased to take place.E.The environment would li
34、kely be cooler, for the atmosphere would contain fewer sulfurous gases and ash clouds.Crosbys recent study of American historical demography is blithely based on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to
35、 obtain information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and un
36、changing pre-modern countryside of interchangeable towns unlike “modern“ flows to cities. As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In a
37、ny case, it was thought that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those of more sedimentary populations. （分数：-
38、1.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_.（分数：-0.25）A.summarizing the findings of a studyB.placing new research within its historical contextC.evaluating the methodology of a historianD.comparing various demographical techniquesE.establishing categories(2).According to the pas
39、sage, early American parishioners held which of the following views concerning parish demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration between towns stands in direct contrast with the accumulation of population in cities.B.Parish populations would grow at fairly equal rates, given the fact that those who left a par
40、ish in response to life course events were usually replaced.C.Migration between parishes was a rare enough phenomenon that it was unnecessary to keep records of it in any fashion.D.Parish populations often chose to remain sedimentary as a result of the homogeneity of the various countryside parishes
41、.E.Parish populations owed their existence on the whole to the influx of populations due to life course events.(3).According to the passage, Crosby has made which of the following assumptions concerning historical means of demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration is in most cases dictated by life course eve
42、nts as opposed to the economic factors that contribute to the development of cities.B.Population growth tends not to affect the availability of proxies for replacing emigrants from population centers.C.Sedimentary populations are more historically significant than nomadic or migratory ones.D.It is p
43、ermissible to rely upon a single source of information in studying population movement patterns.E.Migration can be disregarded as a demographic pattern in historical contexts prior to the development of large cities.(4).The passage suggests that one major difficulty in establishing patterns of migra
44、tion is_.（分数：-0.25）A.the infrequency of life course events, which restricts the amount of data available to demographersB.the overwhelming availability of proxies in migration patterns, which creates a degree of stasis in migration recordsC.the lack of parishioner birth records, which limits the har
45、d evidence upon which demographers base their observationsD.the homogeneity of single parishes, which makes it difficult to distinguish the motivations of migrantsE.the repetitive nature of migration, which results in a surfeit of unusable data that overwhelms demographers四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8
46、.CRUISELINER: SKIFF : :（分数：1.00）A.van: sedanB.nebula: starC.missile: dartD.toe: footE.item: catalogue9.ANESTHETIC: INSENSIBILITY:（分数：1.00）A.analgesic: acheB.coagulant: solutionC.soporific: lethargyD.placation: rageE.opiate: listlessness10.REDUNDANT: SUPERFLUITY:（分数：1.00）A.transient: evanescenceB.mal
47、evolent: imperfectionC.prevalent: universalityD.proportionate: eleganceE.abnormal: conspicuousness11.IMPERVIOUS: DAMAGED : :（分数：1.00）A.implacable: propitiatedB.refractory: comprehendedC.tenable: confrontedD.fitful: interruptedE.irritable: agitated12.ENDORSE: APPROVAL: :（分数：1.00）A.insult: sufferingB.
48、commence :journeyC.contribute: revenueD.transmit: waveE.enchant: magic13.CABAL: ASSOCIATION : :（分数：1.00）A.archbishop: archdioceseB.mansion: palaceC.factory: manufacturerD.plot: planE.confrontation: spat14.SCRIBBLE: DRAW : :（分数：1.00）A.imply: suggestB.quibble: evadeC.harmonize: playD.chisel: engraveE.
49、babble: speak15.CONVOLUTED: COMPLEXITY : :（分数：1.00）A.immutable: temporalityB.transient: evanescenceC.notable: quiddityD.commodious: popularityE.uncanny: repulsiveness16.VALOR: COWARDICE : :（分数：1.00）A.decadence: fervorB.audacity: perseveranceC.superficiality: naivetyD.mendacity: honestyE.benevolence: gorgeousness五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数
