1、GRE-练习二十二及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BTranslation/B(总题数：8，分数：100.00)1.Many critics of Emily Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic“ reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the two parts as
2、a whole is encouraged by the novels sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempt
3、s to unify the novels heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify, all of the novels diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of an
4、y novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.（分数：12.50）_2.UTraditionally, pollination by wind has been v
5、iewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used./U Because the pote
6、ntial hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude gre
7、ater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. UHowever, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste./U For example, many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail. Recent s
8、tudies suggest another way in which species compensate for the inefficiency of wind pollination. These studies suggest that species frequently take advantage of the physics of pollen motion by generating specific aerodynamic environments within the immediate vicinity of their female reproductive org
9、ans. UIt is the morphology of these organs that dictates the pattern of airflow disturbances through which pollen must travel./U The speed and direction of the airflow disturbances can combine with the physical properties of a species pollen to produce a species-specific pattern of pollen collision
10、on the surfaces of female reproductive organs. Provided that these surfaces are strategically located, the consequences of this combination can significantly increase the pollen-capture efficiency of a female reproductive organ. UA critical question that remains to be answered is whether the morphol
11、ogical attributes of the female reproductive organs of wind-pollinated species are evolutionary adaptations to wind pollination/U or are merely fortuitous. A complete resolution of the question is as yet impossible since adaptation must be evaluated for each species within its own unique functional
12、context. UHowever, it must be said that, while evidence of such evolutionary adaptations does exist in some species, one must be careful about attributing morphology to adaptation./U For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproducti
13、ve organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cones surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs i
14、n a number of non-wind-pollinated plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a whole. Therefore, the spiral arrangement is not likely to be the result of a direct adaptation to wind pollination.（分数：12.50）_3.UIt is frequently assumed
15、 that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced./U For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their trad
16、itional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated fro
17、m the “social, legal, and economic subordination“ of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry“. UObservers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanizations effects, but they agreed that it would transf
18、orm womens lives./U UHistorians, particularly those investigating the history, of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations/U as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner Uhave
19、not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in womens economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of womens work./U The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics
20、. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead-end“ jobs, thenceforth considered “womens work“. The increase in the numbe
21、rs of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers,
22、 previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. Womens work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which
23、women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while womens household labor remains deman
24、ding. URecent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home./U（分数：12.50）_4.UA
25、 long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy,/U dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tens
26、ions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. UIn a recent study, Stephen Saunders Webb has presented a formidable challenge to this view./U According to Webb, England already had a military imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution. He sees Charles II, the Englis
27、h monarch between 1660 and 1685, as the proper successor of the Tudor monarchs of the sixteenth century and of Oliver Cromwell, all of whom were bent on extending centralized executive power over Englands possessions through the use of what Webb calls “garrison government“. Garrison government allow
28、ed the colonists a legislative assembly, but real authority, in Webbs view, belonged to the colonial governor, who was appointed by the king and supported by the “garrison“, that is, by the local contingent of English troops under the colonial governors command. UAccording to Webb, the purpose of ga
29、rrison government was to provide military support for a royal policy designed to limit the power of the upper classes in the American colonies./U Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a coalition of
30、merchants and nobility who favored self-rule and sought to elevate legislative authority at the expense of the executive. It was, according to Webb, the colonial governors who favored the small farmer, opposed the plantation system, and tried through taxation to break up large holdings of land. Back
31、ed by the military presence of the garrison, these governors tried to prevent the gentry and merchants, allied in the colonial assemblies, from transforming colonial America into a capitalistic oligarchy. UWebbs study illuminates the political alignments that existed in the colonies in the century.
32、prior to the American Revolution, but his view of the crowns use of the military as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing./U England during the seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements. Cromwell did mount Englands most ambitious overseas military expediti
33、on in more than a century, but it proved to be an utter failure. Under Charles II, the English army was too small to be a major instrument of government. Not until the war with France in 1697 did William III persuade Parliament to create a professional standing army, and Parliaments price for doing
34、so was to keep the army under tight legislative control. UWhile it may be true that the crown attempted to curtail the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided significant military support for such a policy./U（
35、分数：12.50）_5.Of Homers two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Macks categories) is “life-as-spectacle“, for readers, diverted by its various incidents,
36、observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience“: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of
37、 the gods involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modem readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler scheme of divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troys siege, the po
38、em raises historical questions that are absent from the Odysseys blithely imaginative world.（分数：12.50）_6.UHydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere./U The hydrologi
39、c cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vap
40、or by means of evaporation and transpiration. UThe term “geohydrology“ is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for “hydrogeology“./U Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes
41、that have isolated them underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（分数：12.50）_7.Q
42、uantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not t
43、he event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms o
44、f probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical “hidden parameters“ were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions d
45、ifferent from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einsteins ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einsteins approach is almost certainly erroneous.（分数：12.50）_8.Paule Marshalls Brown Girl, Brownston
46、es (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hursto
47、n and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black womans search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroines development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigra
