1、GRE-练习二十一及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BIndefinite item(总题数：21，分数：64.00)1.When literary periods are defined on the basis of mens writing, womens writing must be forcibly assimilated into an irrelevant grid: a Renaissance that is not a renaissance for women, a Romantic period in which women played ver
2、y little part, a modernism with which women conflict. Simultaneously, the history of womens writing has been suppressed, leaving large, mysterious gaps in accounts of the development of various genres. UFeminist criticism is beginning to correct this situation./U Margaret Anne Doody, for example, su
3、ggests that during “the period between the death of Richardson and the appearance of the novels of Scott and Austen,“ which has “been regarded as a dead period,“ late- eighteenth-century women writers actually developed “the paradigm for womens fiction of the nineteenth centurysomething hardly less
4、than the paradigm of the nineteenth-century novel itself.“ Feminist critics have also pointed out that the twentieth-century writer Virginia Woolf belonged to a tradition other than modernism and that this tradition surfaces in her work precisely where criticism has hitherto found obscurities, evasi
5、ons, implausibilities, and imperfections.The author quotes Doody most probably in order to illustrate A. a contribution that feminist criticism can make to literary criticism. B. a modernist approach that conflicts with womens writing. C. writing by a woman which had previously been ignored. D. the
6、hitherto overlooked significance of Scotts and Austens novels. E. a standard system of defining literary periods.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.2.The 1973 Endangered Species Act made into legal policy the concept that endangered species of wildlife are precious as part of a natural ecosystem. The nearly unanimo
7、us passage of this act in the United States Congress, reflecting the rising national popularity of environmentalism, masked a bitter debate. Affected industries clung to the former wildlife policy of valuing individual species according to their economic usefulness. UThey fought to minimize the laws
8、 impact by limiting definitions of key terms,/U but they lost on nearly every issue. The act defined “wildlife“ as almost all kinds of animalsfrom large mammals to invertebratesand plants. “Taking“ wildlife was defined broadly as any action that threatened an endangered species; areas vital to a spe
9、cies survival could be federally protected as “critical habitats“. Though these definitions legislated strong environmentalist goals, political compromises made in the enforcement of the act were to determine just what economic interests would be set aside for the sake of ecological stabilization.Th
10、e author refers to the terms “wildlife“ “taking“ and “critical habitats“ most likely in order to: A. illustrate the misuse of scientific language and concepts in political processes. B. emphasize the importance of selecting precise language in transforming scientific concepts into law. C. represent
11、terminology whose definition was crucial in writing environmentalist goals into law. D. demonstrate the triviality of the issues debated by industries before Congress passed the Endangered Species Act. E. show that broad definitions of key terms in many types of laws resulted in ambiguity and thus l
12、eft room for disagreement about how the law should be enforced.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.3.UHistorians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England./U McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firms remarkable success in mark
13、eting luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and childrens toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effec
14、ts of the new demand for luxuries?In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to: A. contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England. B. indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century E
15、nglish history. C. give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England. D. support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered. E. compare one historians interest in luxury goods such
16、as pottery to another historians interest in luxury services such as musical festivals.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.4.Some recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. UInheritors of some of the vie
17、wpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation./UThe kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does
18、 one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported.The author most likely refers to “historians such as Beard and Becker“ in order to: A. isolate the two historians whose work is most representative of the viewpoints of Progressive historians. B
19、. emphasize the need to find connections between recent historical writing and the work of earlier historians. C. make a case for the importance of the views of the Progressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American life. D. suggest that Progressive historians were the first to discover t
20、he particular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century American life mentioned in the passage. E. point out historians whose views of history anticipated some of the views of the recent historians mentioned in the passage.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.5.From the 1900s through the 1950s waitresses in the United
21、 States developed a form of unionism based on the unions defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. UThis “occupational unionism“ differed substantially from the “worksite unionism“ prevalent among factory. workers./U Rather than u
22、nionizing the workforces of particular employers, waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring hal
23、ls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job securitya basic protection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available wer
24、e distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority.The author of the passage mentions “particular employers“ primarily in order to A. suggest that occupational unions found some employers difficult to satisfy. B. indicate that the occupational unions served some
25、 employers but not others. C. emphasize the unique focus of occupational unionism. D. accentuate the hostility of some employers toward occupational unionism. E. point out a weakness of worksite unionism.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.6.Paule Marshalls Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depict
26、ion of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused he
27、r novel on an ordinary Black womans search for identity within the context of a Black community. But UMarshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroines development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents,/U and
28、 by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class,
29、 and gender in the novels of the 1970s.The authors description of the way in which Marshall depicts her heroines development is most probably intended to: A. continue the discussion of similarities in the works of Brooks, Hurston, and Marshall. B. describe the specific racial and sexual stereotypes
30、that Marshall attacked. C. contrast the characters in Marshalls novels with those in later works. D. show how Marshall extends the portrayal of character initiated by her predecessors. E. compare themes in Marshalls early work with themes in her later novels.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.7.The correlation betw
31、een carbon dioxide and temperature throughout the Vostok record is consistent and predictable. The absolute temperature changes, however, are from 5 to 14 times greater than would be expected on the basis of carbon dioxides own ability to absorb infrared radiation, or radiant heat. UThis reaction su
32、ggests that, quite aside from changes in heat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases, certain positive feedbacks are also amplifying the temperature change./U Such feedbacks might involve ice on land and sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also absorb radiant heat.The author mentions “cer
33、tain positive feedbacks“ in order to indicate that A. increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere is responsible for global temperature increase. B. some climate simulation models have produced useful information. C. greenhouse gases alone do not account for global temperature
34、 increase. D. variables that benefit life are causing global temperature to increase. E. beneficial substances that are not heat-trapping gases and that contribute to global temperature increase have been found in the Vostok ice core.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.8.Isadora Duncans masterly writings on the danc
35、e reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal so
36、urces of human expressiveness. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, c
37、ontrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret Uthe music/U; rather, Ushe simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement./U She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense wi
38、th music entirely. That day never came.The author implies that Duncan relied on music in her recitals in order to A. interpret musical works solely by means of natural body movements. B. foster the illusion that music serves as an inspiration for the dance. C. inspire the expression of inner feeling
39、 when she danced. D. validate the public belief that music inspires the expression of feeling through movement. E. counter the public belief that she made no attempt to visualize music.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.9.Cells in the parvo system can distinguish between two colors at any relative brightness of the
40、 two. Cells in the color-blind magno system, on the other hand, are analogous to a black-and-white photograph in the way they function: they signal. information about the brightness of surfaces but not about their colors. For any pair of colors there is a particular brightness ratio at which two col
41、ors, for example red and green, will appear as the same shade of gray in a black-and-white photograph, Uhence any border between them will vanish./U Similarly at some relative red-to-green brightness level, the red and green will appear identical to the magno system. The red and green are then calle
42、d equiluminant. A border between two equiluminant colors has color contrast but no luminance contrastThe author mentions a “black-and-white photograph“ most probably in order to explain A. how the parvo system distinguishes between different shapes and colors. B. how the magno system uses luminosity
43、 to identify borders between objects. C. the mechanism that makes the magno system color-blind. D. why the magno system is capable of perceiving moving images. E. the brightness ratio at which colors become indistinguishable to the parvo system.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.10.Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twa
44、ins A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court, is a nineteenth-century master mechanic who mysteriously awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modem democracy. The novel, written as a spoof of Th
45、omas Malorys Morted Arthur, a popular collection of fifteenth-century legends about sixth-century Britain, has been made into three upbeat movies and two musical comedies. UNone of these/U translations to screen and stage, however, Udramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee,/U
46、which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgans three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. UThe American public, although enjoying Twains
47、 humor, evidently rejected his cynicism/U about technological advancement and change through peaceful revolution as antithetical to the United States doctrine of progress.The author uses the examples of “three upbeat movies and two musical comedies“ primarily in order to demonstrate that A. well-wri
48、tten novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court, regardless of their tone or theme, can be translated to the stage and screen. B. the American public has traditionally been more interested in watching plays and movies than in reading novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court
49、. C. Twains overall message in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court is one that had a profound impact on the American public. D. Twains A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court has been a more popular version of the Arthurian legends than has Malorys Morted Arthur. E. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court has been accepted as an en
