1、BEC 剑桥商务英语(高级)2 及答案解析(总分：19.96，做题时间：149 分钟)一、SECTION 1 (Question(总题数：1，分数：1.00)A Managers control other employees. This is a vital function of management that varies only in degree and style. One area of change threatens to reduce the degree substantially: the “dilution“ of control downward. A key f
2、unction from the beginning, control shares the collective essence of management with planning, organizing, staffing, and directing. Some would add two more: innovating and representing. Today, many prefer a less autocratic-sounding word, but the logic remains convincing: Somebody must “run things“.
3、By implication, monitoring that process is also necessary if an effective, profitable organization is to be realized. B Some control has already been diluted when the authority to make decisions in the bosss name is delegated. Needed especially as organizations grow larger, delegation almost inevita
4、bly generates tension. Managers know they should and must delegate, for many reasons. No matter how skilled and experienced, one person can neither do everything nor make all necessary decisions. Even if that superhuman ability existed, the development of promotable subordinates would be compromised
5、. C Regardless of how necessary and desirable, however, delegation remains difficult. Typically, managers view letting a “less qualified person“ do the job as illogical. They also fear potential loss of power and control. Despite such resistance, recent years have seen greater pressure to delegate.
6、Those who like to invent terminology might call the new situation “delegation-plus“, or perhaps “macro-delegation“. Even the basic word might be ready for retirement. D In other words, long-existing delegation of authority down the chain of command has been supplemented greatly by widespread “empowe
7、rment“. Decision-making has been “pushed downward“ with a vengeance. Emphasis has been placed on decentralization and multiple teams. Causes are both philosophical and practical. Some see a pervasive paradigm shift. A vigorous effort is being made in benchmark firms not only to seek constantly bette
8、r ways to do things but to do so more democratically, for assumed long-run effectiveness. One way to do this is to push organizational decision-making downward. Practically speaking, this effort is complemented by widespread downsizing. The restructuring that accompanies it: often means reducing the
9、 number of middle managers. In the resulting “flat“ organizations, those who remain wield broader spans of control or management, meaning they have more people to supervise. E Despite its popularity and even urgency, downward shifting provokes serious questions. Is it possible to reduce a managers o
10、perational control too much? Is the concept of “diminishing returns“ likely, as in economic theory? The trend has been long ongoing! if that point does exist, how close are we? Is endless decentralization logical? Delegation per se does not have to compromise management control; should not, in fact,
11、 provided the needed skill exists. But the danger is always present. 0. Controlling is significant in management however it changes to some extent. (E) （分数：0.96）(1).However managers are afraid of losing control, the pressure to delegate has been seen recently.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(2).With the developmen
12、t of companies, more decision-makings are authorized in the bosss name.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(3).Companies should place their emphasis on decentralization and group work for philosophical and practical reasons.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(4).Definition of controlling reflects a democratic aspect of manageme
13、nt.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(5).Empowerment is a good supplement to the delegation of authority downward.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(6).Though it is popular and urgent, downward shifting in management raises many serious questions.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.E.(7).More rights have to be given to promotable subordinates,
14、 even though the boss is competent.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.(8).Though nowadays many people like a more collective-sounding word, running and monitoring is also significant.（分数：0.12）A.B.C.D.二、SECTION 2 (Question(总题数：1，分数：1.00)In an uncertain economic environment, top management will be interested in asset m
15、anagement and flow management. (0) . They can represent over 50 percent of manufactures total asset, and more than 80 percent of wholesalers and retailers total assets. When top management mandates a reduction in accounts receivable and/or inventories, its objective is to improve cash flow and reduc
16、e the companys investment in assets. (9). But reduction in the terms of sale, or even enforcement of the stated terms of sale, in effect changes tile price component of the firms marketing mix. (10). The arbitrary reduction of accounts receivable and/or inventories in the absence of technological ch
17、ange or changes in the logistics system can have a devastating impact on corporate profit performance. (11). First, the change alters the manufacturers price and therefore the competitive position of its products, which may lead to decreased sales. Second, it further complicates the cash flow proble
18、ms of the manufacturers customers. Forcing faster payment of invoices causes channel members to improve their cash flow by reducing their inventories of the manufacturers products. (12). This situation may also result in stock-out of the manufacturers products as the wholesale or retail level of the
19、 channel, further reducing sales volume. Similarly, a manufacturers policy of arbitrarily reducing inventory level to increase inventory sums, in the absence of a system change, may escalate transportation costs and/or production setup costs as the logistics system scrambles to achieve the specified
20、 customer service levels with lower inventories (assuming the company was efficiently and effectively distributing products prior to the policy change). (13). In this case, customer service levels would be eroded, and a decrease in market share might result. (14). A. However, if management concentra
21、tes on system changes that improve logistics efficiency and/or effectiveness, it may be able to satisfy all of the firms objectives. B. Usually, management assumes that revenues and other costs will remain the same. C. They do so by placing smaller, more frequent orders, which may increase total log
22、istics cost for both the manufacturer and its customers. D. In either set of circumstances, the increased cost of transportation and/or production or the lost sales contribution could far exceed the savings in inventory carrying cost. E. If a manufacturer changes its terms of sale, for example, the
23、effect on wholesalers and retailers will be twofold. F. In addition, simply reducing the level of inventory can significantly increase the cost of logistics if current inventories have been set at a level that allows the firm to achieve least total cost logistics for a desired level of customer serv
24、ice. G. Alternatively, pressure to reduce expenses may preclude the use of premium transportation or increased production setups to achieve the desired customer service levels with smaller inventory. H. The two most common strategies used to improve cash flow and return on assets are: (l) reducing a
25、ccounts receivable and (2) reducing the investment in inventory, as inventories and accounts receivable are a major portion of corporate assets. EXAMPLE：The correct answer for blank (0) is H. （分数：1.02）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.A.B.C.D.E.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.三、SECTION 3 (Question(总题数：1，分数：
26、1.00)The tariff-jumping motive for FDI is well developed in the literature. The trade-of foreign firms typically face in these models is based on the level of the tariff when exporting versus the boardcost associated with setting up a manufacturing plant abroad. Other studies compare the effects of
27、tariffs with the effects of quota and voluntary export restraints (VERs) and have shown how the profit gain for foreign firms due to VERs lowers the propensity to engage in FDI. While the use of tariffs, quota and VERs has been reduced as a result of multilateral trade negotiations, the use of other
28、 trade policy instruments, notably antidumping, has increased. Recent empirical work has confirmed that the FDI response to antidumping actions is certainly not uncommon, in particular in case of antidumping actions targeting Japanese firms, in a recent study, analyses duty-jumping FDI by firms base
29、d in other countries than Japan. The antidumping jumping FDI is very limited in scale in case firms without international experience based in developing countries are targeted. Given the demonstrated importance of FDI responses to antidumping actions, it is surprising that the theoretical literature
30、 on the effects of antidumping law have by and large ignored the issue of antidumping jumping. In a symmetric model of two countries considering reciprocal (anti-)dumping and reciprocal FDI, they find that producers in both countries would gain from the abolition of antidumping law from the WTO stat
31、ute. This result is driven by the fact that reciprocal antidumping jumping FDI increases competition and reduces profits of domestic firms. All types of international price discrimination with the lower price charged in the EU can classify as dumping, at least for products for which there are close
32、EU substitutes. We explicitly consider a clause in EU antidumping law that allows the EU administration to settle antidumping actions either by levying duties or by demanding price undertakings from the foreign exporting firms. Our model shows that this decision will depend on the objective function
33、 of the EU administration, which may vary between protecting the interests of EU industry only (maximizing producer surplus) and also taking into account the interests of consumers and user industries (maximizing EU social welfare). The former corresponds to the direct objective of antidumping law.
34、Pursuing the latter is in line with the public interests embedded in EU antidumping law by which the EU Commission is held to consider repercussions on consumers and user industries. A second aspect of EU antidumping incorporated in the model is that the level of duties and price undertakings is typ
35、ically determined by the degree to which foreign firms undercut EU producers prices on the EU market. This rule is applied to ensure that antidumping measures remove the injury to EU industry. The rule limits the discretionary power of the EU administration in determining duty and price undertaking
36、levels. Contrary to the symmetric model of Haland and Wooton, we explicitly take on boardcost asymmetries, viz. a cost advantage of the foreign firm. Such a cost advantage is a most likely reason for price undercutting by foreign exporters resulting in antidumping actions. We allow cost advantages t
37、o be either firm-specific, in which case they are internationally transferable through FDI, or location specific. We show that the occurrence of duty jumping FDI in the EU requires that the foreign firms cost advantage is at least partly firm specific. In the next section we present the model for th
38、e case of products which are sufficiently close substitutes (like products) and firm-specific cost advantages, assuming that the EU administration is able to commit to antidumping actions before the foreign firms investment decision, and allowing two alternative policy objectives (producer surplus a
39、nd social welfare). For this purpose we used a three-stage model. In the first stage, the EU administration decides whether to take antidumping measures, and if so, whether to levy a duty or allow a price undertaking. In the second stage the foreign firm decides whether to serve the EU market throug
40、h export or FDI. In the third stage, the foreign firm is engaged in price competition with a local firm on the EU market, which offers close substitute products. Injury arises from a production cost advantage of the foreign firm, which may either be location specific, for example, based on lower for
41、eign wages or firm specific like based on a transferable technological advantage. （分数：1.02）(1).According to the first paragraph, what does the study about tariff-jumping motive show?（分数：0.17）A.The welfare and strategic effects of antidumping laws under alternative market structures.B.Industries ince
42、ntives to petition for antidumping.C.These studies show under which conditions foreign firms prefer to set up local production units over exporting when serving distant markets.D.The potential effect of antidumping measures in strengthening collusive practices.(2).What does the evidence show in the
43、second paragraph?（分数：0.17）A.The evidence suggests that EU firms show a comparable FDI response if they are targeted by US antidumping actions.B.The evidence shows the possibility of a protection building equilibrium.C.A foreign firm that intends to engage in second period FDI increases its first per
44、iod export in order to increase the level of protection faced by the rival foreign firm.D.The evidence implies that they are concerned with the effects of economic integration involving the abolition of antidumping law.(3).After reading the first three paragraphs, what do you think the two studies d
45、eal with?（分数：0.17）A.The two studies examine antidumping jumping FDI in the context of EU antidumping practices.B.Two studies deal with the relationship between antidumping and FDI.C.They analyze the conditions under which antidumping jumping FDI occurs.D.They explain the output and welfare effects o
46、f antidumping actions.(4).What does the writer imply in the fourth paragraph?（分数：0.17）A.An antidumping duty is akin to a tariff.B.A price undertaking is a commitment by the foreign firm to raise its price.C.The conditions under which undertakings are allowed are not well articulated in EU antidumpin
47、g law.D.An EU antidumping case can only be initiated when imports are dumped on the European market and cause material injury.(5).From the fifth paragraph, in the case of cost advantages, what does FDI imply?（分数：0.17）A.It implies that it is often a feature of exporters based in developing countries.
48、B.It implies that foreign firms relinquish their cost advantage and produce at the same marginal cost as those of EU producers.C.It implies the differences in FDI responses between firms from developed and developing countries.D.It implies that in EU antidumping practice, a substantial number of cas
49、es are settled through price-undertakings.(6).What is the main theme of this article?（分数：0.17）A.The article is about the effects of EU antidumping policy when foreign firms can jump antidumping duties in the EU.B.The article shows that duty jumping or duty pre-empting FDI occurs if the EU administration has broader objectives.C.The article is about the expectation of price undertakings reduces the incentives to engage in FDI and may even discourage.D.The article shows that FDI as long as products are not too differentiated.四、SECTION 4 (Questi
