1、2010年法语托福考试阅读试题及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：120 分钟)Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social ro
2、les. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws. Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identifi
3、ed with careful research. They are key indicators of a groups health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian, often
4、 a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs. （分数：4.00）(1).Why does the author mention a store cler
5、k and a judge in paragraph 1? （分数：2.00）A.To give examples of people who hold positions of respects.B.To explain why social roles are important to a society.C.To illustrate the behavior required of certain social roles.D.To compare the responsibilities of two different occupations.(2).Why does the au
6、thor use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles? （分数：2.00）A.To identify the most important type of social roles.B.To explain how to identify informal social rolesC.To point out that informal roles are unique to familiesD.To emphasize the value of informal roles to a groupThe man
7、y part of the earths atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earths surface to produce a whole-the climate system. Different parts of the earths surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and h
8、eat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates. We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can
9、 study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of
10、climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate-storms, blizzards, and dr
11、oughts. （分数：4.00）(1).Why does the author discuss different parts of the earths surface in paragraph 1? （分数：2.00）A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in othersB.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materialsC.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere
12、D.To describe changes in the earths appearance throughout the year.(2).According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate? （分数：2.00）A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climateB.We must create an interesting model of the climate systemC.We must deve
13、lop an understanding of our environmentD.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of the professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 un
14、til 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service.
15、He organized the first American school of professional forestry at Cornell University. The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees. They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future g
16、rowth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research
17、, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities. （分数：4.00）(1).Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today? （分数：2.00）A.To describe different philosophies of forestry managementB.To show how the field of forestry has
18、 changed in 100 yearsC.To argue for the expansion of university forestry programsD.To introduce the type of work done by professional foresters(2).All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT （分数：2.00）A.what foresters do besides protecting treesB.how to select a good school of forestryC.
19、people who promoted forestry as a careerD.management of timber and timber salesOnes style of the dress reveals the human obsession with both novelty and tradition. People use clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what is acceptable dress for that g
20、roup may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rules is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently but simultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrati
21、ng their membership in the group. There are some interesting variations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need to display it with their clothing. For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment industry
22、appear in very casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work boots of a manual laborer. However, it is likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where the pe
23、rsons high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing, such as having a famous face. （分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, fashions serve all the following purposes EXCEPT （分数：2.00）A.satisfying an interest in noveltyB.signaling a change in personal beliefsC.displaying membership in a social
24、 groupD.following traditional rules(2).Why does the author discuss individual status in paragraph 2? （分数：2.00）A.To state that individuals status is not important in the WestB.To argue that individuals need not obey every fashion ruleC.To contrast the status of entertainers with that of manual labore
25、rsD.To explain how high status may involve an inverted status displayThe war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was sever
26、ely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupi
27、ed for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade. American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American
28、 standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000
29、 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783. The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that l
30、asted for the next twenty years. （分数：4.00）(1).Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies? （分数：2.00）A.to show how the war for independence affected the economyB.to compare the economic power of two different regionsC.to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in
31、 AmericaD.to give examples of industries controlled by British forces(2).Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2? （分数：2.00）A.to show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB.to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC.to emphasize the gre
32、at short-term cost of the war for New YorkD.to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New YorkFREEZING FOOD The discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below
33、32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetrating the food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When prope
34、rly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year. Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanchin
35、g curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either by plunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling
36、water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanchin
37、g at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables. （分数：4.00）(1).Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit? （分数：2.00）A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foodsB.To identify the freezing point of waterC.To state the correct setti
38、ng for a freezerD.To give the temperature for blanching(2).Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching? （分数：2.00）A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effectiveB.To warn that not blanching will harm the foods nutritional valueC.To emphasize the importance of
39、blanching only a few items at a timeD.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperlyTHE QUEEN ANNE HOUSE The house style that dominated American housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as Queen Anne, a curious name for an American style. The name was, in fact, a historical accident
40、, originating with fashionable architects in Victorian England who coined it with apparently no reason other than its pleasing sound. The Queen Anne style was loosely based on medieval structures built long before 1702, the beginning year of Queen Annes reign. A distinctive characteristic found in m
41、ost Queen Anne houses is the unusual roof shape - a steeply pitched, hipped central portion with protruding lower front and side extensions that end in gables. It is often possible to spot these distinctive roof forms from several blocks away. Another feature of this style is the detailing, shown in
42、 the wood shingle siding cut into fanciful decorative patterns of scallops, curves, diamonds, or triangles. Queen Anne houses are almost always asymmetrical. If you draw an imaginary line down the middle of one, you will see how drastically different the right and left sides are, all the way from gr
43、ound level to roof peak. A final characteristic is the inviting wraparound porch that includes the front door area and then extends around to either the right or left side of the house. Queen Anne houses faded from fashion early in the twentieth century as the publics taste shifted toward the more m
44、odern Prairie and Craftsman style houses. Today, however, Queen Anne houses are favorite symbols of the past, painstakingly and lovingly restored by old-house buffs and reproduced by builders who give faithful attention to the distinctive shapes and detailing that were first popularized more than on
45、e hundred years ago. （分数：10.00）(1). Why does the author use the word curious in describing the name of an American style? （分数：2.00）A.The style was invented before Queen Annes reign.B.The name was accidentally misspelled.C.The style was more popular in Victorian England.D.The name did not originate i
46、n American.(2).The word it in paragraph 1 refers to （分数：2.00）A.styleB.nameC.accidentD.England(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic feature of Queen Anne houses? （分数：2.00）A.decorative windowsB.wood shingle exterior wallsC.large porchD.steeply pitched roof(4).Which of the fol
47、lowing can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Queen Anne style? （分数：2.00）A.the Queen Anne style combined several other styles.B.the Queen Anne style had to be built in the city.C.the Queen Anne style was elaborate and ornate.D.the Queen Anne style was not very popular.(5). The word buffs in para
48、graph 3 is closest in meaning to （分数：2.00）A.expertsB.sellersC.criticsD.paintersSports Commentary One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funera
49、ls, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators. Play-by-play commentary
