1、(A)上海市中级笔译第一阶段笔试英译中经济科技(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、试题 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Since Darwin, biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning, pursuing no aim by the direct road of design. But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error. Why should evolution, exactl
2、y as Darwin knew it and described it, be planless and irrational? Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determin
3、ed forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best? Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suit
4、ed to the building of an atomic reactor? They also practise no designed adaptation, but work by the principle of selection. But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational.（分数：20.00）(1).Since Darwin, biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan
5、 or meaning, pursuing no aim by the direct road of design.（分数：4.00）_(2).But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error. Why should evolution, exactly as Darwin knew it and described it, be planless and irrational?（分数：4.00）_(3).Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point wh
6、ere specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best?（分数：4.00）_(4).Can we say that there is no process of na
7、tural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor?（分数：4.00）_(5).They also practise no designed adaptation, but work by the princ
8、iple of selection. But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational.（分数：4.00）_二、试题 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human cloning has shifted to the states. Six state
9、s have already banned cloning in one form or another, and this year alone 38 anti-cloning measures were introduced in 22 states. The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethical questions over whether an
10、d how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether. Since 1997, when scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, the specter of cloned babies, infants that are in essence genetic carbon copies of adults, has loomed large in the public psyche and in the minds of lawmake
11、rs. Today, there is widespread agreement that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases. The controversy pits r
12、eligious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent human life, against patients“ groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry.（分数：20.02）(1).After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human clon
13、ing has shifted to the states.（分数：2.86）_(2).Six states have already banned cloning in one form or another, and this year alone 38 anti-cloning measures were introduced in 22 states.（分数：2.86）_(3).The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture a
14、lready clouded by scientific and ethical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether.（分数：2.86）_(4).Since 1997, when scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, the specter of cloned babies, infants that are in essence genetic carbon copi
15、es of adults, has loomed large in the public psyche and in the minds of lawmakers.（分数：2.86）_(5).Today, there is widespread agreement that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned.（分数：2.86）_(6).Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of c
16、loning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases.（分数：2.86）_(7).The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent human life, against patients“ groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry.（分数：2.86）_三、试题 3(总题数：1，分数
17、：20.00)Well before his death, Peter Drucker had already become a legend. Over his 95 prolific years, he had been a true Renaissance man, and teacher of religion, philosophy and political science. But his most important contribution, clearly, is in business. What John Keynes is to economics, Druckers
18、 is to management. In the 1980s Peter Druckers began to have grave doubts about business and even capitalism itself. He no longer saw the corporation as the ideal space to create community. In fact, he saw nearly the opposite: a place where self-interest had triumphed over the egalitarian principles
19、 he long championed. In both his writings and speeches, Druckers emerged as one of Corporate America“s most important critics. When conglomerates were the rage, he preached against reckless mergers and acquisitions. When executives were engaged in empire-building, he argued against excess staff and
20、the inefficiencies of numerous “assistants to“. In a 1984 essay he persuasively argued that CEO pay had rocketed out of control and implored boards to hold CEO compensation to no more than 20 times what the rank and file made. He maintained that multi-million-dollar severance packages had perverted
21、management“s ability to look out anything but itself. What particularly enraged him was the tendency of corporate managers to reap massive earnings while firing thousands of their workers. “This is morally and socially unforgivable,“ wrote Druckers, “and we will pay a heavy price for it.“（分数：19.98）(
22、1).Well before his death, Peter Drucker had already become a legend. Over his 95 prolific years, he had been a true Renaissance man, and teacher of religion, philosophy and political science. But his most important contribution, clearly, is in business. What John Keynes is to economics, Druckers is
23、to management.（分数：3.33）_(2).In the 1980s Peter Druckers began to have grave doubts about business and even capitalism itself. He no longer saw the corporation as the ideal space to create community. In fact, he saw nearly the opposite: a place where self-interest had triumphed over the egalitarian p
24、rinciples he long championed.（分数：3.33）_(3).In both his writings and speeches, Druckers emerged as one of Corporate America“s most important critics. When conglomerates were the rage, he preached against reckless mergers and acquisitions. When executives were engaged in empire-building, he argued aga
25、inst excess staff and the inefficiencies of numerous “assistants to“.（分数：3.33）_(4).In a 1984 essay he persuasively argued that CEO pay had rocketed out of control and implored boards to hold CEO compensation to no more than 20 times what the rank and file made.（分数：3.33）_(5).He maintained that multi-
26、million-dollar severance packages had perverted management“s ability to look out anything but itself, What particularly enraged him was the tendency of corporate managers to reap massive earnings while firing thousands of their workers.（分数：3.33）_(6).“This is morally and socially unforgivable,“ wrote
27、 Druckers, “and we will pay a heavy price for it.“（分数：3.33）_四、试题 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques and know-how, to be provided by one Party to the o
28、ther shall be treated by the recipient as “Confidential Information“. Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other Party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form ex
29、cept as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, this Contract. Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time. Each Party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party“
30、s Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the recipient in a secure place with access limited to only such Party“s employees or agents who need to know such information for the purposes of this Contract and
31、who have similarly agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms hereof. The obligations of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of five years.（分数：20.
32、02）(1).During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques and know-how, to be provided by one Party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as “Confidential Information“.（分数：2.
33、86）_(2).Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other Party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes.（分数：2.86）_(3).Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and
34、 in accordance with the terms of, this Contract.（分数：2.86）_(4).Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time.（分数：2.86）_(5).Each Party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party“s Confidential Informat
35、ion as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information.（分数：2.86）_(6).Confidential Information must be kept by the recipient in a secure place with access limited to only such Party“s employees or agents who need to know such information for the purposes of this Contract and who have s
36、imilarly agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms hereof.（分数：2.86）_(7).The obligations of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of five years.（分数：
37、2.86）_五、试题 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than-expected statistics, America“s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery. Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most obse
38、rvers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to rise. There is, however, something that eventually will have a much bigger impact on Americans“ prosperity than the slope of the recovery. That is the effect of
39、the crisis on America“s potential rate of growth itself. An economy“s long-term speed limit(its “trend“ or “potential“ rate of growth)is the pace at which GDP can expand without affecting unemployment and, hence, inflation. It is determined by growth in the supply of labor along with the speed with
40、which productivity improves. The pace of potential growth helps determine the sustainability of everything from public debt to the prices of shares. Unfortunately, the outlook for America“s potential growth rate was darkening long before the financial crisis hit. The IT-induced productivity revoluti
41、on, which sent potential output soaring at the end of the 1990s, has waned. More important, America“s labor supply is growing more slowly as the population ages, the share of women working has leveled off and that of students who work has fallen.（分数：19.98）(1).Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than
42、-expected statistics, America“s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery,（分数：3.33）_(2).Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most observers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to ri
