1、西医综合-内科学-17 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, reliedupon their instincts to sta
2、y healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe belief
3、s about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.One of the
4、. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of h
5、is most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrate
6、s pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth c
7、entury.（分数：10.00）(1).A in that B now that C because D so that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A identified B recognized C admitted D esteemed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A symbols B signs C symptoms D syndromes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A arranging B adjusting C developing D improving（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A While B Although C
8、 Provided D Since（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A confirm B appreciate C tolerate D discover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A damages B agitation C disorders D collapse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A surprising B obvious C promising D unwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A in B by C off D up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A discharge B exclude C di
9、smiss D expel（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A expedition B incentives C stimuli D endeavors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A foundation B rejection C integration D acceptance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A attributed B committed C acknowledged D confined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A attractions B subscriptions C contributions D fun
10、ctions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A creation B expectation C perception D preference（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A durable B classic C thorough D immediate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A impressed B surpassed C influenced D regarded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A elements B factors C components D deposits（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A
11、 Interesting B Appealing C Demanding D Exaggerating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A even B indeed C still D moreover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)That low moaning sound in the background just might be the Founding Fathers protesting from be
12、yond the grave. They have been doing it when George Bush, at a breakfast of religious leaders, scorched the Democrats for failing to mention God in their platform and declaimed that a President needs to believe in the Almighty. What about the constitutional ban on “religious test(s)“ for public offi
13、ce? the Founding Fathers would want to know. What about Tom Jeffersons conviction that it is possible for a nonbeliever to be a moral person, “find (ing) incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise“? Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the cons
14、tant emphasis on “Judeo- Christian values.“ It was he who wrote, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land . every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.“George Bush should know better than to encourage the theocratic ambitions of the Christian right. The
15、 “wall of separation“ the Founding Fathers built between church and state is one of the best defenses freedom has ever had. Or have we already forgotten why the Founding Fathers put it up? They had seen enough religious intolerance in the colonies: Quaker women were burned at the stake in Puritan Ma
16、ssachusetts; Virginians could be jailed for denying the Bibles authority. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloody religion that ever existed,“ and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keep the hand that holds the musket separate from the one that
17、 carries the cross.There was another reason for the separation of church and state, which no amount of pious ranting can expunge: not all the Founding Fathers believed in the same God, or in any God at all. Jefferson was a renowned doubter, urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the exist
18、ence of a God.“ John Adams was at least a skeptic, as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allen. Naturally, they designed a republic in which they themselves would have a place.Yet another reason argues for the separation of church and state. If the Founding Fathers had o
19、ne overarching aim, it was to limit the power not of the churches but of the state. They were deeply concerned, as Adams wrote, that “government shall be considered as having in it nothing more mysterious or divine than other arts or sciences. Surely the Republicans, committed as they are to “limite
20、d government,“ ought to honor the secular spirit that has limited our government from the moment of its birth.（分数：10.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A The president confused religion with state unwisely.B The presidents reference to God annoyed the dead.C The president criticized his op
21、ponents for ignorance.D The presidents standpoint was boldly questioned.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The separation of religion and state was designed mainly toA highlight the role of the government.B pay tribute to religious leaders.C limit the command of the government.D encourage the believers ambitions.
22、（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When mentioning “Quaker women“ (Para. 2), the author is talking aboutA religious values.B colonial rebels.C church reforms.D wall of separation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The authors attitude toward the Founding Fathers ideas is one ofA utter indifference.B tactic consent.C slight con
23、tempt.D strong denial.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true according to the author?A The government should bear in mind the intentions of the Founding Fathers,B Anyone without a religious belief will naturally viewed as an immoral person.C The government is entitled to more privileges
24、 than other social institutions.D Any political leader must get completely free from religious doctrines.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considere
25、d safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanleys Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the
26、 fact that the “global labour arbitrage“ is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and bu
27、siness consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have b
28、een lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already bein
29、g off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future
30、 two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be
31、 shifted will depress wages:Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe fr
32、om off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But s
33、ince then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised ski
34、lled job? in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled
35、than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.（分数：10.00）(1).To offshore services that were once non-tradable results from _.A the blue-collar job marketB the geographic location of the Underdeveloped worlc1C the fierce competition among skilled workersD the dive of tele
36、coms fee（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?A Service-sector has sustained a great loss.B White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.C Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.D Outsourcing abroad has no signific
37、ant impact.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if _.A outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter muchB the proportion of jobs that can be moved will riseC more comprehensive factors are taken into accountD education improvement in emerging e
38、conomies plays a role（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on _.A the standard retort to the argumentsB off-shoring and the resulting incomeC the future off-shoringD the counter-measures at hand（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following could be th
39、e best title for the text?A Business consulting.B Blue-collar jobs.C Non-tradable services.D White-collar blues.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Who is poor in America? This is a hard question to answer. Despite povertys messiness, weve measured progress against it by a single statistic: the
40、 federal poverty line. In 2008, the poverty threshold was $ 21,834 for a four-member family with two children under 18. By 1his measure, we havent made much progress. Except for recessions, when the poverty rate can rise to 15 percent, its stayed in a narrow range for decades. In 2007the peak of the
41、 last business cyclethe poverty rate was 12.5 percent; one out of eight Americans was “poor. “ In 1969, another business-cycle peak, the poverty rate was 12.1 percent. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons.First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low skil
42、led. They add to the poor. From 1989 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanicsmostly immigrants, their children, and grandchildren. The poverty rate for blacks fell during this period, though it was still much too high (24.5 percent in 2007). Po
43、verty “experts“ dont dwell on immigration, because it implies that more restrictive policies might reduce U.S. poverty.Second, the poors material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pretax cash income and ignoring other sources of support. These inclu
44、de the earned-income tax credit (a rebate to low-income workers), food stamps, health insurance (Medicaid), and housing subsidies. Although many poor live hand to mouth, theyve participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91 percent had microwaves, 79 percent air-conditioning, and 48 percent ce
45、ll phones.The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses (example: child care). Unfortunately, the administrations proposal for a “supplemental poverty measure“ in 2011to complement, not replace, the existing poverty linegoes beyond that. The
46、new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda.The “supplemental measure“ ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual th
47、reshold not yet calculatedwill probably be higher than todays poverty line. Moreover, this definition has strange consequences. Suppose that all Americans doubled their income tomorrow, and suppose that their spending on food, clothing, housing, and utilities also doubled. That would seem to signify
48、 less povertybut not by the new poverty measure. It wouldnt decline, because the poverty threshold would go up as spending went up. Many Americans would find this weird., people get richer, but “poverty“ stays stuck.What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an
49、 absolute one: the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty: people are automatically poor if theyre a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing.（分数：10.00）(1).That the poverty rate does not var
