1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 6 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Concord(or; Agreement)(武汉大学 2008 研；中山大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_2.Government（分数：2.00）_3.Paradigmatic relations（分数：2.00）_4.Syntax（分数：2.00）_5.Constituent（分数：2.00）_6.Logical subject(中山大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_7.Semantic Triangle（大连外国语学院 2008 研)
2、（分数：2.00）_8.Gradable antonym（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_9.Semantic feature（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_10.Componential analysis(浙江大学 2005 研；北航 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_11.Entailment（武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_12.Presupposition（武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_13.Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北京交通大学 2005 研；武汉大
3、学2005 研)（分数：2.00）_14.Conversational Implicature（武汉大学 2004 研；北京交通大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_15.Cooperative principle（北师大 2003 研)（分数：2.00）_16.Violation of maxims（北京交通大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_17.coherence /cohesion(浙江大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_18.adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）_19.preference structure（分数：2.00）_20.Intercultural
4、communication(南开大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_21.Linguistic determinism（上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_22.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_23.Linguistic relativity（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_24.Diglossia（南开大学 2010 研)（分数：2.00）_25.Speech community(北外 2010 研)（分数：2.00）_英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 6 答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名
5、词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Concord(or; Agreement)(武汉大学 2008 研；中山大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigma
6、tically marked category(or categories). For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue; A; Who is that girl? B; Oh, she is my sister.)解析：2.Government（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in
7、certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a
8、 book. She gave a hook to him. In other words, the verb, or the preposition, determines, or governs, the form of the pronoun after it.)解析：3.Paradigmatic relations（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Paradigmatic relation, Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable wit
9、h each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.)解析：4.Syntax（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, wor
10、d groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.)解析：5.Constituent（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.
11、 Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence “ The boy ate the apple“ , S(A), the boy(B), ate the apple(C), each part is a constituent.)解析：6.Logical subject(中山大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual age
12、nt of an expressed or implied action. In passive voice such as “John was bitten by a dog“, we have two terms “grammatical subject“ and “logical subject“. Since the core object noun John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original o
13、bject noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the core subject(A dog), now the object of a preposition(by a dog), is called the logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an a
14、ction.)解析：7.Semantic Triangle（大连外国语学院 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle“ as manifested in the following diagram , in which the “ symbol“ or “ form“ refers to the linguistic elements(word, sentence, etc.), the “referent“ refers to the object in th
15、e world of experience, and “thought“ or “reference“ refers to concept or notion. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept in our minds. )解析：8.Gradable antonym（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正
16、确答案：Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.)解析：9.Semantic feature（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Semantic feature. The meaning
17、 of a word can be dissected into meaning components which are called semantic features. For example, the word “man“ is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUAMN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE.)解析：10.Componential analysis(浙江大学 2005 研；北航 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Componential analysis. It refers to
18、 a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.)解析：11.Entailment（武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Entailment. It is a type
19、 of meaning dependence between sentences. It is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself. If X is true, Y is necessarily true, and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France“ entails “He has been to Europe“.)解析：12.Presupposition（武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2
20、.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The speaker or writer always assumes that the reader or hearer already knows something of what he is going to say or write. This something often becomes the presupposition of a sentence. For example, John didn“t pass chemistry presupposes that John took chemistry.)解析：13.Locutionary A
21、ct, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北京交通大学 2005 研；武汉大学2005 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. A locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance. Therefore, when somebody says “Morning“
22、, we can ask a question like “What did he do?“ , and the answer could be “He offered a greeting. “ An illocutionary act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of the literal meaning. Therefore, for the same example, we can say “ He meant it as a greeting“. A perlocutionary act i
23、s the effect of the utterance on the hearer. Thus, by saying “ Morning!“ the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.)解析：14.Conversational Implicature（武汉大学 2004 研；北京交通大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied mean
24、ing, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.)解析：15.Cooperative principle（北师大 2003 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答
25、案：(正确答案：Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: “ make your conversational contribution su
26、ch as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“. This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims; Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner.)解析：16.Violation of maxims（北京交通大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(
27、正确答案：There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like “ No comment“ in response to a question. Although it is typically not “ as informative as is requ
28、ired“ in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said(i. e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. When we violate any of these maxims , our language
29、becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said. For example, there is violation of the first maxim of Quantity, and sometimes the first Quantity maxim can be in conflict with the Quality maxim.)解析：17.coherence /cohesion(浙江大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Cohesion refers to th
30、e grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
31、 Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the quality of a discourse which makes it a connected text coherent to the context, not a series of juxtaposed sentences.)解析：18.adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second ut
32、terance is always a response to the first. It has five properties: Adjacency pairs consist of two utterances, a first part and a second part. The two parts are spoken by different speakers. The first and second parts belong to specific types, for example, question and answer, or greeting and greetin
33、g. The form and content of the second part depends on the type of the first part. Given that a speaker has produced a first part, the second part is relevant and expectable as the next utterance.)解析：19.preference structure（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：There are many responses to questions which are not answe
34、rs but which count as second parts. This structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The preferred is the structurally expected next act and the dispref-erred is the structurally unexpected next act. The preferred second part
35、s are more usual, more normal and less specific.)解析：20.Intercultural communication(南开大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication, is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the
36、 communication event. It is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures.)解析：21.Linguistic determinism（上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic determinism, is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows:(1)One
