1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 5 及答案解析(总分：44.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学 2007 研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）_(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：
2、2.00）_(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）_(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）_(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）_1.What is Halliday“s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and
3、its structures?（分数：2.00）_2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）_3.In the following three sentences, the particle “up“ stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a synt
4、actic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学 2010 研)（分数：2.00）_4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other t
5、ypes of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学 2004 研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）_What is one obviou
6、s presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）_(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外 2007 研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）_(2).a. Mary is working in
7、 China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）_7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）_8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）_9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门大学 2010 研)（分数：2.00
8、）_10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江大学 2005 研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I“ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）_12.Conversational im
9、plicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or “ 言外之意“ in Chinese.（中山大学 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature c
10、an be drawn.（厦门大学 2006 研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let“s go to the movies. B: I“ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn“t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）_英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 5 答案解析(总分：44.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambig
11、uate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学 2007 研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： )解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in
12、 the air)解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： )解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)解析：(5).Tom
13、exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner)解析：1.What is Halliday“s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.0
14、0）_正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday“s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational functi
15、on is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal
16、function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause a
17、s a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)解析：2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a cent
18、ral theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentencean underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoret
19、ical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the followi
20、ng three sentences, the particle “up“ stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who off
21、ered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学 2010 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky“s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is trans
22、formed into the surface form through some transformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. “Sta
23、nd sb. up“ means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is “ She stood the man up who offered her a diamond“. The reason why they finally have t
24、he different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because “up“ is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, “up“ is moved upward
25、 to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, “up“ is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very
26、 flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive conten
27、t of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But the term “connotative“ is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. T
28、his type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last
29、type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)解析：5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained
30、 in the extension of another, e. g. “lion“ or “tiger“ is a hyponym of “animal“.)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学 2004 研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behav
31、ior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That“s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writ
32、ing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do, therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.)解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:
33、（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence “Where did he buy the beer“ should be “ He has some beer“.)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence “Your watch is broken“ should be
34、“You have a watch“.)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外 2007 研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b)解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a)解析：7.In what w
35、ay is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and
36、it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features; a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)解析：8.Are utterances, senten
37、ces, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utter
38、ances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For ex
