1、真核生物基因的表达调控、发育的遗传分析及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, reliedupon their instincts
2、 to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe
3、 beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.One
4、 of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. O
5、ne of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hip
6、pocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twen
7、tieth century.（分数：10.00）(1).A in that B now that C because D so that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A identified B recognized C admitted D esteemed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A symbols B signs C symptoms D syndromes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A arranging B adjusting C developing D improving（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A While B Alt
8、hough C Provided D Since（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A confirm B appreciate C tolerate D discover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A damages B agitation C disorders D collapse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A surprising B obvious C promising D unwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A in B by C off D up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A discharge B exclu
9、de C dismiss D expel（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A expedition B incentives C stimuli D endeavors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A foundation B rejection C integration D acceptance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A attributed B committed C acknowledged D confined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A attractions B subscriptions C contribution
10、s D functions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A creation B expectation C perception D preference（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A durable B classic C thorough D immediate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A impressed B surpassed C influenced D regarded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A elements B factors C components D deposits（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D
11、.(19).A Interesting B Appealing C Demanding D Exaggerating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A even B indeed C still D moreover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer - government or priva
12、te - should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would resu
13、lt in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would
14、have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchss results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14. 6 percent greater than t
15、he earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or priv
16、ate employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were exclude
17、d from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities. ) Browns research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results. Browns resul
18、ts suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against se
19、lf-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are clearly consistent with Fuchss argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater im
20、pact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not d
21、iscriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（分数：10.00）(1).The author would be most likely to agree with which of the followin
22、g conclusions?A Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on womens earnings.B If private employers and government employers discriminate, the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C Private employers discriminate; it is po
23、ssible that government employers discriminate.D Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Browns study, womens earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?A Government employment
24、, self-employment, private employment.B Private employment, self-employment, government employment.C Government employment, private employment, self-employment.D Self-employment, private employment, government employment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The text mentions all of the following as difficulties tha
25、t self-employed women may encounter EXCEPTA discrimination from suppliers and consumers.B discrimination from financial institutions.C problems in obtaining good employees.D problems in obtaining government assistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the text that what is stated in the l
26、ast paragraph is most probablyA Browns elaboration of his research results.B Browns tentative inferences from his data.C Browns conclusions based on common-sense reasoning.D the authors conclusion, based on Fuchss and Browns results.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title which describes the content of
27、the text as a whole would beA The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Womens Earnings.B How Discrimination Affects Womens Choice of Type of Employment.C The Necessity for Eliminating Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.D The Rela
28、tive Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Mens Earnings as Compared to Womens Earnings.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A few milliamps of electricity can cause plants to increase synthesis of chemicals. These compounds often also have a pharmacological (related to medicine) or comme
29、rcial value, so the trick could be used to help increase yields of commercially useful biologicals. Artemisinic acid, from sweet wormwood, for example, is used in malarial medications, and shikonin (紫草素), from the purple gromwell plant, is used against skin infections. Researchers have long known th
30、at stressing plants can force them to take defensive action, often ramping up the production of protective chemicals that, for example, make them more resistant to insect attack. It has become common practice to stress such plants into increasing their yields. This is usually clone using physical st
31、ress elicitors (诱导子), including bits of the micro-organisms that normally attack the plants, or irritants made from metallic compounds such as copper chloride. These are effective, but they come at a cost. Most elicitors are toxic to plants and can build up in tissues, making it necessary to occasio
32、nally “clean“ a plant of the chemicals so they keep having the same effect. Recently, research groups at the University of Arizona in Tucson found that the application of an electric current to the hairy roots of the poisonous herb Hyoscyamus muticus stimulated the production of the herbs toxin hyos
33、cyamine (天仙子胺). This unpublished finding inspired Hans Van Etten, also of the University of Arizona, and his colleagues to test sub-lethal levels of electrical currents on other plants, to assess electricitys potential to elevate chemical production. The researchers exposed eight different plant spe
34、cies (ranging from Japanese pagoda tree seedlings to pea plants) to weak electrical currents of 30 milliamps. Seven of the plants increased their production o defensive chemicals. The average boost of chemical production was 20 times, they report in Biotechnology Progress. One plant, a type of alfal
35、fa, increased its chemical yield by 168 times. These values are very similar to those achieved using chemical elicitors, and seem to have no lethal effects-just a negative effect on growth. The treatment can be used over and over again without the build-up of any unwanted material. The useful compou
36、nds would be very easy to harvest: they simply pour out into solution if the plants are grown hydroponically. “The fact that we can use electricity instead of toxic materials to elicit chemical production is very exciting because it means we get to look at how these chemicals form without having to
37、constantly add and remove toxins from the system,“ says Van Etten. “This is a really novel and creative approach that Ive never seen before,“ says plant metabolic engineer Fabricio Medina Bolivar from Arkansas State University in Jonesboro. “The possibilities for using electricity with plants in thi
38、s way are absolutely tremendous. /（分数：10.00）(1).Electricity acting on plants can be used to _. A take precautions against skin infections B increase production of useful biologicals C increase pharmacological and commercial value D make plants more resistant to attack（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The traditi
39、onal ways of increasing the yields of chemical do NOT include _. A being attacked by micro-organisms B using physical stress elicitors C applying copper chloride D employing electrical currents on plants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which one of the followings is NOT the advantage of using electricity? A It
40、can achieve the same values as using chemical elicitors. B It can be used time and again. C It can boost chemical production. D It has no adverse impacts on the growth of plants.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The views of Fabricio and Van Etten towards the way of using electricity to elicit chemical productio
41、n are _. A different B opposite C similar D complementary（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the main idea of the passage? A Reactions to the electric stress lead to more chemical yields. B Yields of commercially useful biologicals are increased. C Using electricity to elicit chemical production is very ex
42、citing. D Using electricity has a negative effect on plant growth.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In old days, when a glimpse of stocking was looked upon as something far too shocking to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the first World War and the male
43、secretaries were replaced by women. A mans secretary became his personal servant, charged with remembering his wifes birthday and buying her presents; taking his suits to the dry cleaners; telling lies on the telephone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay and, of course, typing and fili
44、ng and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again. The microchip and high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much of the routine clerical work that secretaries did.“Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again because it will invo
45、lve only the high-powered work-and then men will want to do it again.“That was said by one of the executives(male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country. What he has predicted is already under way in the US. One girl described to me a recent temporary job placing men in secretar
46、ial jobs in San Francisco. She noted that all the men she dealt with appeared to be gay so possibly that is just a new twist to the old story.Over here, though, there are men coming onto the job market as secretaries. Classically, girls have learned shorthand and typing and gone into a company to se
47、ek their fortune from the bottomand thats what happened to John Bowman. Although he joined a national grocery chain as secretary to its first woman senior manager, he has since been promoted to an administration job.“I filled in the application form and said I could do audio/typing, and in fact I wa
48、s the only applicant. The girls were reluctant to work for this young, glamorous new woman with all this power in the firm. “I did typing at school, and then a commercial course. I just thought it would be useful finding a job. I never got any funny treatment from the girls, though I admit Ive never
49、 met another male secretary. But then I joined the Post Office as a clerk and carelessly played with the typewriter, and wrote letters, and thought that after all secretaries were getting a good 1,000 a year more than clerks like me. There was a shortage at that time, you see. “It was simpler working fo
