1、武汉大学真题 2004年及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and
2、 mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the wee
3、k and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real-life situations there is s
4、till a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic-as with typing, for instance. It requires intense conc
5、entration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise h
6、er level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt f
7、alling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devi
8、ces to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sheep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at te
9、sts of grammatical reasoning as well.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the brain flow studies, problem solving _.（分数：1.00）A.increases blood flow in some areas of the brain.B.causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.C.demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD.is based on the ab
10、ility to recite the time(2).The author believes that _.（分数：1.00）A.the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations
11、 can be closed by proper reasoningD.the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced(3).When a typist gets tired, _.（分数：1.00）A.she has to try hard to raise her automaticB.she can type only automaticallyC.she cannot think about what she is doingD.she can seldom t
12、ype automatically(4).Examining bottles of wine is hard work because _.（分数：1.00）A.the bottle must be held upside downB.it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC.it requires high level of automaticD.most bottles are all right(5).According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is _.（
13、分数：1.00）A.the subjects knowledge of grammarB.the amount of sleep the subject has hadC.the level of arousal of the subjectD.the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonAuctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the a
14、uction room to make offers, or “bids“, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down“ the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at whic
15、h he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase“. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “u
16、nder the spear“, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle“, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose quali
17、ties vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christies and Sot
18、hebys in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be
19、 sold together, called a “lot“, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order, he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services ar
20、e paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with r
21、egular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserv
22、e“ price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knockout“, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at e
23、xtremely low prices. If such a “knockout“ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.（分数：5.00）(1).A candle used to burn at auction sales _.（分数：1.00）A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit
24、the time when offers could be made(2).An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _.（分数：1.00）A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale(3).The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots“ out of o
25、rder because _.（分数：1.00）A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers(4).An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _
26、.（分数：1.00）A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction rooms become world-famousD.it keeps the customers interested(5).A “knockout“ is arranged _.（分数：1.00）A.to keep the price in the auction room lowB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to increase the auctioneers profitD
27、.to help the auctioneerWhenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics, and the cultures whic
28、h are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture
29、are important to its development, they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季
30、风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of the rest of the region on the s
31、ame parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations
32、 (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciations there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which
33、 had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibet, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物群) multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking“ in the abundance of the particular species that ar
34、e present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea“ is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The di
35、fficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫的) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-h
36、usband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze“ the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head
37、husband regardless of. age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous syste
38、m was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.（分数：5.00）(1).What are the “unusual traits or situations“ referred to in the first sent
39、ence?（分数：1.00）A.Patterns of animal and plant growth.B.Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C.Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D.All of the above.(2).The purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：1.00）A.analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology
40、 and societyB.describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC.describe Tibetan fauna and floraD.analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas(3).The authors knowledge of Tibet is probably _.（分数：1.00）A.based on firsthand experienceB.the result of lifelong studiesC.deri
41、ved from books onlyD.limited to geological history(4).According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?（分数：1.00）A.All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B.Some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C.Cultur
42、es in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D.The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar views to one another.(5).The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciations can properly be calle
43、d continental because they _.（分数：1.00）A.are originally found in continental climatesB.are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC.have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD.are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentOpponents of affirmative action sa
44、y the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Courts ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities.
45、 But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “Were talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards use
46、d to judge admissions are substantially different,“ says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say theyll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,“ says University of California rege
47、nt Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of Californias Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Mondays ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide
48、 if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,“ Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches
49、 to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions“. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate“, says Arthur Coleman, a former Department
