1、武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题 2012年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part I Reading Comp(总题数：5，分数：40.00)PassageOne A hundred yearsagoit was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going
2、. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle.It is generallyacceptedthat nobodyshould be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society.The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago,that the poor owed their conditions to their ignoran
3、ce and lack of responsibility , are outdated. In all Western industrialized counties, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one stepfurther and arguethat, even if these conditions are not
4、 present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist; in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. I would suggest, however , that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an ab
5、normal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation. This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so,I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago.The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support,peopl
6、e would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually ,aside from abnormallylazypeople, there would be veryfew who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. However, the suspicions against a
7、system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer.If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently int
8、eresting and attractive to induce onetoaccept it. Freedom of contractis possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it;in the present capitalist system this is not the case. But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees,
9、its principal advantage would be the improvement offreedom in interpersonalrelationships in everysphere of dailylife. （分数：8.00）(1).People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to _ . （分数：2.00）A.the slow development of the economyB.the poor and jobless people sown faultsC.the lack of r
10、esponsibility on the part of societyD.the large number of people who were not well-educated(2).Now it is widely accepted that _ . （分数：2.00）A.the presentsystem of social insurance should be improvedB.everybody should be granted a minimumof subsistence without any “reason”C.everybody hasthe right to s
11、hare in the wealth of the countryD.people have to change their attitude towards the poor(3).The writer argues that a system of social insurance should _ . （分数：2.00）A.provide benefitsforthesick, old andunemployedB.encourage people totake onmore social obligationsC.guarantee everyone the right to be e
12、mployedD.provide everyone with the right to a minimumsubsistence fora certainperiod(4).According to the writer, asystem of guaranteed subsistence minimum _ . （分数：2.00）A.demands too much fromsocietyB.makesfreedom of contractimpossibleC.helps people take interest intheirworkD.helps bring aboutchanges
13、in the relationship amongpeoplePassage Two Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all ki
14、nds. Most people have plenty of insecurities,and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect,you are terrified of falling in the mostpublic of ways. Extroverts,on the contrary , will feel less fear before the or deal.It does not mean they will neces
15、sarily do it better . Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the Britishcomedian Julian Clary , he wasshy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like inreal life, the key seems to be
16、toact yourself. Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of acharacter other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully written and rehearsed scripts to speakfrom, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the wordsmight not
17、be true. Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it ismuch like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that youvebeen cheated. But, being yourself doesnt work either . If you spo
18、ke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience. I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a eriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking aboutma
19、dness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it. The best psychological place from which to speak in public is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow”, aspsychologists call it
20、, is very satisfying.（分数：8.00）(1).Women hate public speaking most mainly because of _ .（分数：2.00）A.theirupbringing veryearly onB.their inability to appeal to the audienceC.their sense of greaterpublic pressureD.their sense of greater humiliation.(2).Which of the following is NOT the authors view poin
21、t? （分数：2.00）A.Acting like performers spoils the message in a speech.B.Perfection of scripts is necessary in making good impressions.C.Acting naturally means less dependenceon the prepared script.D.There should be a balance between actual acting and acting naturally .(3).What is the author s view on
22、personality? （分数：2.00）A.Personality is the key to success in public speaking.B.Extroverts are better public speakers.C.Introverts have to learn harder to be good speakers.D.Factors other than personality ensure better performance.(4).In the last paragraph the author recommends that you _ . （分数：2.00）
23、A.forget about your nervousnessB.feel natural and speak naturallyC.may feel nervous, but appear naturallyD.may imagine yourself to be natural.Passage Three I am afraidtosleep. I have been afraidto sleep forthe last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is
24、 not a bad dream that wakes me; it isthe realityI took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the market place comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often
25、saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriendsand I used to spendhours braiding ribbons intoour hair. I dont know the
26、 word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head. I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn t sure if she understood me (I dont speak Laotian very well). I looked backdownat the skirts. They added designs i
27、n them: squaresand triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts,and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is thecustomto bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness
28、. She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immed
29、iately , we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldnt make enough money . I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid f
30、or allthree at the price set;that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, forthe first time inmonths, myspirit lifted. Ialmost felthappy. The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in
31、a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind inmarketplace. Ileft tears inmythroat. I wanted to cry . I didn t,of course. I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it,I have also learned to defend myself
32、against what is soft and what should be easy . I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor . I reach down and fe
33、el something cool in my hand. I move close to the candle light to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me! There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry ,and very hard, a
34、s if I couldmakeup for all the monthsthat I didnt cry . （分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following in NOT correct? （分数：2.00）A.The writer was not used to bargaining.B.People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C.Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D.The writer was ready to bargain with the woman
35、.(2).The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman _ . （分数：2.00）A.thought that the last offer was reasonableB.thought she could still make much moneyC.was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainingD.was tired of bargaining with the writer anymore(3).Why did th
36、e writer finally decide to buy three skirts? （分数：2.00）A.The skirts were cheap and pretty .B.She liked the patterns on the skirts.C.She wanted to do something as compensation.D.She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.(4).Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts ag
37、ain? （分数：2.00）A.She suddenlyfelt very sad.B.She liked the ribbons so much.C.She was overcome by emotion.D.She felt sorry for the woman.Passage Four Definition of “culture” are multiple, broad, and notably ambiguous. While there is no agreed-upon definition of culture, the classic definition by E. B.
38、 Tylor in 1871 is widely cited: “cultureis that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law , custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic,comprised of the shared solutio
39、ns to problems faced by the group. These solutions include technologies, beliefs, and behaviors. Culture does not determine behavior, but affords group members a repertoire of ideas and possible actions, providing the framework through which they understand themselves, their environment, and their e
40、xperiences. Culture is a complex set of relationships, responses, and interpretations that must be understood, not as a body of discrete traits, but as an integrated system of orientationsand practices generated within a specific socioeconomic context. Culture is ever changing and always being revis
41、ed within the dynamic context of itsenactment. Culture is neither a blueprint nor an identity; individuals choose between various cultural options,and in our multicultural society , manytimeschoosewidely betweenthe options offered by a variety of cultural traditions. It is not possible to predict th
42、e beliefs and behaviors of individuals based on their race, ethnicity , or national origin.Individuals group membership cannot be assumed to indicate their culture because those whoshare a group label may variouslyenact culture. In its zeal to encourage respect for cultural difference, the cultural
43、competency movement has sometimes lost sight of these important features of theconcept of culture. Instead it has too often represented culture as a decontextualized set of traits providing a template for the perceptions and behaviors of group members. A burgeoning literature on cultural diversity p
44、resents the reader with veritable laundry lists of traditional beliefs and practices ostensibly characteristic of particular ethnic groups. 49) This approach encourages the questionable notion that immigrants and certain ethnic and racial minorities are particularly driven by traditionalism. The emp
45、hasis in this genre is on difference, pitting the exotic and esoteric against mainstream or conventional beliefs that remain unnamed andunexplored. The misconception, common in clinical settings,that culture can be understood as a set of discrete traits, has led some mistakenly to treat culture as a
46、n explanatory variable, subject to prediction and control. In such applications, specific ethnic cultures are represented as a codified body of characteristics that can be identified and then either modifiedor manipulated to facilitateclinical goals. Paradoxically ,in such approaches, what originate
47、d in a desire to promote respect for individual differences may instead promote stereotyping and essential zing. This process of reifying presumed difference may have the unintended consequence of bolstering a sense of group boundaries.50) It may also reinforce the belief that culture can be diagnos
48、ed and treated, that exotic or unfamiliar beliefs and behaviors of members of already disempowered subgroups should be controlled and adjusted to resemble norms of thedominant group.（分数：8.00）(1).Which statement is NOT true according to this passage? （分数：2.00）A.Definitions of culture are usually diff
49、icult, varied and ambiguous.B.There isnoagreed-upon definition of culture so far .C.There is nocommon ground in different definitions of culture.D.Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic.(2).Culture is not an identity because culture _ . （分数：2.00）A.does determine behaviorB.does not provide possibleactionsC.can predict the beliefs and behaviors of individualsD.is optional and ever changing within the dynamic context(3).Emphasizing cultural differences too much would _ . （
