1、四川大学考博英语 2011 年真题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、 Reading Comprehens(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modem life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than eve
2、r before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the “typical“ French
3、man produces more, earns more, and buys more goods than his counterpart of the last generation. He gains in creating comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of persona, uniqueness, or individuality. Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the U.S. is
4、a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products, The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that “assembly-line life“ will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will hap
5、pen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life-joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local care? Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursui
6、t of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the
7、trend with considerable violence. In spite of critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modem economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modem, industr
8、ial France is preferable to the old.（分数：5.00）(1).The old French way of life is characterized by _.（分数：1.00）A.leisure, elegance, and efficiencyB.elegance, efficiency, and tasteC.leisure, elegance, and tasteD.leisure, efficiency, and taste(2).According to the passage, all the following are the deserip
9、tion of today“s Frenchmen EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.many of them prefer the modem lifestyleB.they actually enjoy working at the assembly lineC.they are more concerned with money than beforeD.they are more competitive than the old generation(3).Which of the following is true about the critics?（分数：1.00
10、）A.Critics are greater in number than people enjoying the new way of lifeB.Student critics are greater in number than critics in other fieldsC.Student critics have, on occasion, resorted to violent means against the trendD.Critics are concerned solely with the present rather than the future(4).The b
11、est title for the passage would be _.（分数：1.00）A.Changes in the French Way of LifeB.Criticism of the New LifestyleC.The Americanization of FranceD.Features of the New Way of Life(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _.（分数：1.00）A.in pursuing material gains the French are suffering losses elsewh
12、ereB.the French enjoy short lunch hoursC.the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked applesD.great changes have occurred in the lifestyle of all Frenchmen三、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The decline in moral standardswhich has long-concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of
13、 average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad. The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation“s moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. But the cha
14、llenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in America society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that “I“m in it for me“ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness.“ Ms. Elshtain says. Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communi
15、ties, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today“s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self. In a 1996 poll of-Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S.
16、 And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with-problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers. The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament for some nonexistent “golden age“,
17、Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice. Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the
18、things that matter are those that can“t be bought.“（分数：5.00）(1).Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans _.（分数：1.00）A.have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB.are longing for the return of the good old daysC.have realized the importance of material thingsD.are awakening to the loweri
19、ng of their moral standards(2).The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by _.（分数：1.00）A.its growing wealthB.the self-centeredness of individualsC.underestimating the impact of social changesD.the prejudice against women and minorities(3).Which of the following characterizes the traditi
20、onal communities?（分数：1.00）A.Great mobilityB.Concern for one“s neighborsC.Emphasis on individual effortD.Ever weakening social bonds(4).In the 1950s, classroom violence _.（分数：1.00）A.was something unheard ofB.was by no means a rare occurrenceC.attracted a lot of public attentionD.began to appear in an
21、alysts“ data(5).According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed _.（分数：1.00）A.if people can return to the “golden age“B.when women and men enjoy equal rightsC.when people rid themselves of prejudiceD.if less emphasis is laid on material things四、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)No woman ca
22、n be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow d
23、esigner clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the betteror worsepart of my life. Being rich wouldn“t be bad either, but that won“t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter bec
24、ome a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing. If not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity“s seven deadly sins. However until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious
25、 groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fator even only somewhat overweightis bad because it implies a tack of moral st
26、rength. Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel diseases. These diseases, however, may have as
27、 much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problemtoo much fat and a lack of fiberthan a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither e
28、xercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if
29、those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall lifestyle. Thinness can be pure vainglory.（分数：5.00）(1).Swept by the prevailing trend, the author _.（分数：1.00）A.has to go on a dietB.could still prevent herself form going off
30、the trackC.has to seek help from rich distant relativesD.has to wear highly fashionable clothes(2).In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that _.（分数：1.00）A.the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB.looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC.being thin is vie
31、wed as a much desired qualityD.religious people are not necessarily virtuous(3).In human history people“s views on body weight _.（分数：1.00）A.were closely related to their religious beliefsB.changed from time to timeC.varied between the poor and the richD.led to different moral standards(4).What“s the
32、 author“s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?（分数：1.00）A.They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyleB.They should be more watchful for fatal diseasesC.They should gain weight to look healthyD.They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes(5).The au
33、thor criticizes women“s obsession with thinness _.（分数：1.00）A.from an economic and educational perspectiveB.from sociological and medical points of viewC.from a historical and religious standpointD.in the light of moral principles五、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Imagine a world in which there was suddenl
34、y no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt th
35、em as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn. They could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: People would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not e
36、xist: In a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members or groups. Society“s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. I
37、n such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider th
38、e length, shape, size, or texture, but an object“s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experi
39、ences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good“ and others are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will a
40、ccept. In fact, society explains our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or danger
41、ous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.（分数：5.00）(1).The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.（分数：1.00）A.they would not be able to tell the textur
42、e of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each other“s feelings(2).According to the passage, people“s learning activities are possible because they _.（分数：1.00）A.enjoy being rewa
43、rded for doing the right thingB.know what is vital to the progress of societyC.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveD.benefit from providing help and support to one another(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.（分数：1.0
44、0）A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences(4).Emotions are significant for man“s survival and adaptation because _.（分数：1.00）A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects
45、B.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD.they generate more love than hate among people(5).The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _.（分数：1.00）
46、A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us to adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us六、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：5.00)To fight against computer crimes, a computer system needs a sure way of identifyin
47、g its right users and rejecting those who are not entitled to use it. The identification system should be quick, simple, and convenient. At present, signatures are widely used to identify credit card holders, but it takes an expert to detect a good forgery. Sometimes even a human expert is fooled, a
48、nd there is no reason to believe that a computer could do any better. Photographs are also sometimes used for identification. But, people find it inconvenient to stop by a credit card company aid to be photographed. Companies might lose business if they made the pictures under absolute requirement.
49、Also, photographs are less useful these days, when people frequently change their appearance by changing the way they wear their hair. Finally, computer programs for analyzing photographs are still highly experimental. Cash-drawing systems often use two identification numbers: One is recorded on a magnetic stripe on the identification cards, and the other is given to the CRS holder. When the user inserts his card into the cash-drawing terminal, he keys in the identification number he has been given
