1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section I Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the
2、corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very 3 of money itself,“ only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless soc
3、iety been so 5 in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electr
4、onic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float“ - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuers acc
5、ount, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized ha
6、cker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone elses accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy
7、 task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to acces
8、s these data, thereby violating our privacy. （分数：10.00）A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.OtherwiseA.offB.backC.overD.aroundA.powerB.conceptC.historyD.roleA.rewardB.resistC.resumeD.reverseA.silentB.suddenC.slowD.steadyA.forB.againstC.withD.onA.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productiveA.similarB.ori
9、ginalC.temporaryD.dominantA.collectB.provideC.copyD.printA.give upB.take overC.bring backD.pass downA.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.whenA.keptB.borrowedC.releasedD.withdrawnA.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.ThoughA.hideB.expressC.raiseD.easeA.analyzedB.sharedC.storedD.displayedA.unsafeB.unnaturalC.uncommonD.unclear
10、A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.returnA.considerationB.preventionC.manipulationD.justificationA.cope withB.fight againstC.adapt toD.call forA.chunkB.chipC.pathD.trail二、Section II Reading C(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotto
11、n about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point
12、that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. In the past, workers w
13、ith average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap so
14、ftware, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson
15、 notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared. There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But
16、 the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support emplo
17、yment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education. （分数：10.00）(1).The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_ （分数：2.00）A.the impact of technological advancesB.the alleviation
18、of job pressureC.the shrinkage of textile millsD.the decline of middle-class incomes(2).According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to_ （分数：2.00）A.work on cheap softwareB.ask for a moderate salaryC.adopt an average lifestyleD.contribute something unique(3).The quotation in Paragra
19、ph 4 explains that _ （分数：2.00）A.gains of technology have been erasedB.job opportunities are disappearing at a high speedC.factories are making much less money than beforeD.new jobs and services have been offered(4).According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_ （分数：2.00）A.to
20、 accelerate the I.T. revolutionB.to ensure more education for peopleC.ro advance economic globalizationD.to pass more bills in the 21st century(5).Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? （分数：2.00）A.New Law Takes EffectB.Technology Goes CheapC.Average Is OverD.Recessi
21、on Is BadText 2 A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter
22、of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage. Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Ame
23、ricans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds
24、 of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a g
25、lobal economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the Un
26、ited States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes o
27、n both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing sy
28、stem. （分数：10.00）(1).“Birds of passage” refers to those who_ （分数：2.00）A.immigrate across the Atlantic.B.leave their home countries for good.C.stay in a foregin temporaily.D.find permanent jobs overseas.(2).It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US_ （分数：2.00）A.needs n
29、ew immigrant categories.B.has loosened control over immigrants.C.should be adopted to meet challenges.D.has been fixeed via political means.(3).According to the author, todays birds of passage want_ （分数：2.00）A.fiancial incentives.B.a global recognition.C.opportunities to get regular jobs.D.the freed
30、om to stay and leave.(4).The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _ （分数：2.00）A.as faithful partners.B.with economic favors.C.with regal tolerance.D.as mighty rivals.(5).选出最适合文章的标题 （分数：2.00）A.come and go: big mistake.B.living and thriving : great risk.C.with or without :
31、great risk.D.legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses. Snap decisions can be imp
32、ortant defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferab
33、ly five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few millisecon
34、ds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long. Ye
35、t we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to re
36、ject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners. John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman reall
37、y wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds. Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or
38、 for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. （分数：10.00）(
39、1).The time needed in making decisions may_. （分数：2.00）A.vary according to the urgency of the situationB.prove the complexity of our brain reactionC.depend on the importance of the assessmentD.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment(2).Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions_. （分
40、数：2.00）A.can be associativeB.are not unconsciousC.can be dangerousD.are not impulsive(3). Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should_. （分数：2.00）A.trust our first impressionB.do as people usually doC.think before we actD.ask for expert advice(4).John Gottman says that reliable snap
41、 reaction are based on_. （分数：2.00）A.critical assessmentB.“thin sliced” studyC.sensible explanationD.adequate information(5).The authors attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is_. （分数：2.00）A.tolerantB.uncertainC.optimisticD.doubtfulText 4 Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular,
42、 the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now consider
43、ing legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance
44、 goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family? “Personally, I dont like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i
45、like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I understand Redings reluctance-and her
46、frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown
47、 that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract m
48、assive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women-whether CEOs or their childrens caregivers-and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society
49、. （分数：10.00）(1).In the European corporate workplace, generally_. （分数：2.00）A.women take the leadB.men have the final sayC.corporate governance is overwhelmedD.senior management is family-friendly(2).The European Unions intended legislation is _. （分数：2.00）A.a reflection of gender balanceB.a reluctant choiceC.a response to Redings callD.a voluntary action(3).According ti Reding, quotas may help women _. （分数：2.00）A.get top business positionsB.see through the glass ceilingC.balance work and familyD.anticipate le
