1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section I Use of En(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved
2、2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo
3、ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registere
4、d users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users
5、 to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can
6、complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
7、an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Int
8、ernet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. （分数：10.00）A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.riddenA.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughA.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helplessA.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposalA.informationB.i
9、nterferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalentA.byB.intoC.fromD.overA.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.comparedA.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improveA.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realizeA.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.deliveredA.carry onB.linger onC.set inD.log inA.In vainB.In effectC.In returnD.In contrastA.trustedB
10、.modernizedC.thrivingD.competingA.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patienceA.onB.afterC.beyondD.acrossA.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.unitedA.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventuallyA.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasmA.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisibleA.invitedB.
11、appointedC.allowedD.forced二、Section II Reading(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.
12、 But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. Outside direct
13、ors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should b
14、e able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the ne
15、xt. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 2
16、0%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that s
17、uch directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms. But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, eve
18、n if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. （分数：10.0
19、0）(1).According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for _ . （分数：2.00）A.gaining excessive profitsB.failing to fulfill her dutyC.refusing to make compromisesD.leaving the board in tough times(2). We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be _. （分数：2.00）A.generous investor
20、sB.unbiased executivesC.share price forecastersD.independent advisers(3).According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to _ . （分数：2.00）A.become more stableB.report increased earningsC.do less well in the stock marketD.perform wors
21、e in lawsuits(4). It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _ . （分数：2.00）A.may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB.have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC.are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD.will decline incentives from the firm(5).The authors
22、 attitude toward the role of outside directors is _ . （分数：2.00）A.permissiveB.positiveC.scornfulD.criticalText 2 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newsp
23、apers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now s
24、eem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that
25、were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had
26、 the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have
27、 long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference. A “southern” camp headed by French wants somethin
28、g different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal tra
29、nsfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs. It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its bes
30、t, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalis
31、m benign. （分数：10.00）(1).The EU is faced with so many problems that _ . （分数：2.00）A.it has more or less lost faith in marketsB.even its supporters begin to feel concernedC.some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD.it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation(2). The debate over the EUs s
32、ingle currency is stuck because the dominant powers _ . （分数：2.00）A.are competing for the leading positionB.are busy handling their own crisesC.fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD.disagree on the steps towards disintegration(3). To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that _ . （分数：2.00）A
33、.EU funds for poor regions be increasedB.stricter regulations be imposedC.only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD.voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed(4).The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _. （分数：2.00）A.poor countries are more likely to get fundsB.stric
34、t monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC.loans will be readily available to rich countriesD.rich countries will basically control Eurobonds(5).Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _. （分数：2.00）A.pessimisticB.desperateC.conceitedD.hopeful三、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)（分数：10.0
35、0）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.四、Section Translatio(总题数：1，分数：15.00)1. Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday task
36、s take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful co
37、mputers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step
38、on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies. （分数：15.00）_五、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：10.00)2. （分数：10.00）_六、Part B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)3. （分数：15.00）_全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题 2011 年答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section I Use of En(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Internet affords anonymi
39、ty to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-cz
40、ar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific compute
41、r .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that wo
42、uld require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with s
43、afe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 1
44、5 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality. The plan has also been gr
45、eeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive o
46、n public roads. （分数：10.00）A.swept B.skippedC.walkedD.ridden解析：本题考查的是考生对句子的理解和词汇的运用能力。语篇的首句指出因特网的匿名特性使得用户可以享有隐私和言论自由，第二句指出这种匿名特性也造成了网络犯罪的 泛滥。此句中的 explosion 提示网络犯罪的规模之大，而 across 也提示考生此处应着重考虑网络犯罪的普遍性。该题的四个选项均为动词，swept 为“蔓延、横扫”；skipped 为“跳过、省略”；walked 为“行走”；ridden 为“搭乘”，都可以与 across 搭配，但是从对本句理解来看，网络犯罪应该是
47、盛行于网络之中，因此选项 A 为正确答案。A.forB.withinC.while D.though解析：本题考查的是考生对文章前后呼应关系的理解和逻辑关系判断能力。本句中提出问题：能否在网络世界中保护隐私，并使之安全?第一段中已经提出隐私和安全之间的矛盾，而二者是网络用户均应该享有的。for 表示目的和原因，意为“为了，由于”；within 表示“在范围内”；while 可以表示“对比；同时”等意义。此处可指在给网络世界带来安全的同时又保护隐私这一逻辑关系，因此选项 C 为正确答案。A.carelessB.lawless C.pointlessD.helpless解析：本题考查的是考生对上下
48、文逻辑关系的把握。根据文章主题，本句中的 a world 指代网络世界，此题眼出现的位置是其定语从句中的表语。四个选项的词汇都以-less 结尾，因此此处应表明网络世界的缺点或危害等。根据第一段所给信息来看，此处网络世界的特点是犯罪猖獗。因此 careless“马虎的；随意的”、pointless“空洞的，无意义的”和 helpless“无助的，无奈的”在逻辑上都与上下文不符。只有 lawless“不受法律控制的；无法无天的”才符合上下文逻辑，与第一段中提出的网络犯罪愈来愈盛相呼应，因此选项 B 为正确答案。A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal 解析：本文第一段中提出了网络世界存在的问题，第二段用设问的方式寻求解决办法。所以第三段Howard Schmidt 向政府提出的应该是针对网络匿名引起的安全问题的对策。而本段后半部分也是在具体解释这样一个系统的工作原理。选项 reason 意思是“理由，原因”；reminder 意思是“提醒物”；compromise 意思是“妥协，让步”；proposal 意思是“建议，提议”。如果考生可以把握文章的脉络和论述顺序，就可以排除前三个选项。即 Howard Schmidt 向联邦政府建议：建立一个“自愿身份信任
