1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section Use of Engl(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health。” But -_1_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does _2_sh
2、ort-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is unlikely to have _5_ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does。 _6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise
3、does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down。 Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing p
4、robably does produce other types of _10_ feedback, that improve an individuals emotional state. _11_one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _12_ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _13_they are sad but they become sad whe
5、n the tears begin to flow。 Although sadness also _14_ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15_ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby cr
6、eating an artificial smile or with their lips, which would produce a(n) _17_ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, _19_ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around _20_ ,
7、the physical act of laughter could improve mood。 （分数：10.00）A.amongB.exceptC.despiteD.likeA.reflectB.demandC.indicateD.produceA.stabilizingB.boostingC.impairingD.determiningA.transmitB.sustainC.evaluateD.observeA.measurableB.manageableC.affordableD.renewableA.In turnB.In factC.In additionD.In briefA.
8、oppositeB.impossibleC.averageD.expectedA.hardensB.weakensC.tightensD.relaxesA.aggravateB.generateC.moderateD.enhanceA.physicalB.mentalC.subconsciousD.internalA.Except forB.According toC.Due toD.As forA.withB.onC.inD.atA.unlessB.untilC.ifD.becauseA.exhaustsB.followsC.precedesD.suppressesA.intoB.fromC
9、.towardsD.beyondA.fetchB.biteC.pickD.holdA.disappointedB.excitedC.joyfulD.indifferentA.adaptedB.cateredC.turnedD.reactedA.suggestingB.requiringC.mentioningD.supposingA.EventuallyB.ConsequentlyC.SimilarlyD.Conversely二、Section II Reading(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic
10、to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-musi
11、c critic。 One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him。” As a descrip
12、tion of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise。 For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure,
13、 he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes。 Devo
14、ted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the r
15、ecorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread av
16、ailability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert。 One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex
17、 Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization。” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmoni
18、c are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract。 （分数：10.00）(1). We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment has （分数：2.00）A.incurred criticism。B.raised suspicion。C.received acclaim。D.aroused curiosity。(2). Tommasin
19、i regards Gilbert as an artist who is （分数：2.00）A.influential。B.modest。C.respectable。D.talented。(3). The author believes that the devoted concertgoers （分数：2.00）A.ignore the expenses of live performances。B.reject most kinds of recorded performances。C.exaggerate the variety of live performances。D.overe
20、stimate the value of live performances。(4).According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? （分数：2.00）A.They are often inferior to live concerts in quality。B.They are easily accessible to the general public。C.They help improve the quality of music。D.They have only covered masterpi
21、eces。(5). Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels （分数：2.00）A.doubtful。B.enthusiastic。C.confident。D.puzzled。Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the
22、usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company。” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and
23、 chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express
24、 quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cl
25、oud their reputations。 As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy
26、 picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders。 The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior
27、 partner Dennis Carey:”I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first。” Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It wa
28、s a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later。 Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The fin
29、ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long。” （分数：10.00）(1).When McGee
30、 announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being （分数：2.00）A.arrogant。B.frank。C.self-centered。D.impulsive。(2).According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by （分数：2.00）A.their expectation of better financial status。B.their need to reflect on their private life
31、。C.their strained relations with the boards。D.their pursuit of new career goals。(3).The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means （分数：2.00）A.approved of。B.attended to。C.hunted for。D.guarded against。(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that （分数：2.00）A.top performers used to c
32、ling to their posts。B.loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated。C.top performers care more about reputations。D.its safer to stick to the traditional rules。(5).Which of the following is the best title for the text? （分数：2.00）A.CEOs: Where to Go?B.CEOs: All the Way Up?C.Top Managers Jump without a
33、 NetD.The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative form
34、s of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media。 Paid and owned media are controlled by mark
35、eters promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owne
36、d media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson
37、 yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake。 Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a hai
38、rcut. But its interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make
39、 us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston。 （分数：10.00）(1).Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring （分数：2.00）A.temporary delightB.enjoyment in progressC.happiness in retrospectD.lasting reward(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that （分数：2.00）A.celebrity moms are a perman
40、ent source for gossip。B.single mothers with babies deserve greater attention。C.news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining。D.having children is highly valued by the public。(3).It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks （分数：2.00）A.are constantly exposed to criticism。B.are largely ignored
41、 by the media。C.fail to fulfill their social responsibilities。D.are less likely to be satisfied with their life。(4).According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is （分数：2.00）A.soothing。B.ambiguous。C.compensatory。D.misleading。(5).Which of the following can be inferred from the
42、 last paragraph? （分数：2.00）A.Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms。B.Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing。C.Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life。D.We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing。三、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10
43、.00)A No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to h
44、alf of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees。 B His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in
45、 history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes,
46、 “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue。 C Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs
47、. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelors degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for
48、which they have not been trained。 D One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experienc
49、e both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification。 E Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold b
