1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题 2010 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn
2、how stop-floor lignting_1_workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended _2_giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very_3_to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior. The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plan
3、t. According to _5_of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the experiment; _7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)_8_that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior
4、 _10_itself. After several decades, the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 _the descriptions on record, no systematic _13_ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of c
5、onducting the experiments may be have let to_ 14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15_ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and_ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_ , a comparison with data for wee
6、ks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before _20 _a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down. （分数：10.00）A.affectedB.a
7、chievedC.extractedD.restoredA.atB.upC.withD.offA.truthB.sightC.actD.proofA.controversialB.perplexingC.mischievousD.ambiguousA.requirementsB.explanationsC.accountsD.assessmentsA.concludeB.matterC.indicateD.workA.as far asB.for fear thatC.in case thatD.so long asA.awarenessB.expectationC.sentimentD.il
8、lusionA.suitableB.excessiveC.enoughD.abundantA.aboutB.forC.onD.byA.comparedB.shownC.subjectedD.conveyedA.contrary toB.consistent withC.parallel withD.pealliar toA.evidenceB.guidanceC.implicationD.sourceA.disputableB.enlighteningC.reliableD.misleadingA.In contrastB.For exampleC.In consequenceD.As usu
9、alA.dulyB.accidentallyC.unpredictablyD.suddenlyA.failedB.ceasedC.startedD.continuedA.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.MeanwhileA.AttemptedB.tendedC.choseD.intencedA.breakingB.climbingC.surpassingD.hiting二、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-langu
10、age newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and th
11、e Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the p
12、ast. It is, I suspect, difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th
13、 century, including Virgil Thomsons The Musical Scene (1945), Edwin Denbys Looking at the Dance (1949), Kenneth Tynans Curtains (1961), and Hilton Kramers The Age of the Avant-Garde (1973) consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their erud
14、ite contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the discursive newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts cri
15、ticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.1 Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their lear
16、ning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men (for they were all men) believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their
17、own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.” Why, then, are virtually all of these critics forgotten? Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly befor
18、e his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music c
19、ritic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. How is it possible that so celebrated a critic should have slipped into near-total obscurity? （分数：10.00）(1).It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that （分数：2.00）A.
20、arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B.English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C.high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D.young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.(2).Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were charac
21、terized by （分数：2.00）A.free themes.B.casual style.C.elaborate layout.D.radical viewpoints.(3).Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on? （分数：2.00）A.It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B.It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C.Writers are likely to be
22、tempted into journalism.D.Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.(4).What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? （分数：2.00）A.His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B.His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C.His style caters large
23、ly to modern specialists.D.His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.(5).What would be the best title for the text? （分数：2.00）A.Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB.The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC.Mournful Decline of JournalismD.Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2 Over the past decade, thousands of
24、 patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nations top patent court appears completely rea
25、dy to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of bus
26、iness-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says DennisD. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the feder
27、al circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out e
28、xclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-meth
29、od patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method
30、 for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The F
31、ederal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Fede
32、ral circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. （分数：10.00）(1). Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of（分数：2.00）A.their limited value to businessB.the
33、ir connection with asset allocationC.the possible restriction on their grantingD.the controversy over authorization(2).Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? （分数：2.00）A.Its ruling complies with the court decisionsB.It involves a very big business transactionC.It has been dismissed by the
34、 Federal CircuitD.It may change the legal practices in the U.S.(3).The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means （分数：2.00）A.loss of good willB.increase of hostilityC.change of attitudeD.enhancement of dignity(4).We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents （分数：2.00
35、）A.are immune to legal challengesB.are often unnecessarily issuedC.lower the esteem for patent holdersD.increase the incidence of risks(5).Which of the following would be the subject of the text? （分数：2.00）A.A looming threat to business-method patentsB.Protection for business-method patent holdersC.A
36、 legal case regarding business-method patentsD.A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are un
37、usually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows f
38、rom the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpect
39、ed popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only
40、certain special people can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of all. The researchers argument stems from a simple obs
41、erving about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-ce
42、lebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence
43、 theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the
44、cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability t
45、o influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades” the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, eac
46、h of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction. （分数：10.00）(1).By citing the book The Tipping
47、 Point, the author intends to （分数：2.00）A.analyze the consequences of social epidemicsB.discuss influentials function in spreading ideasC.exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.(2).The author suggests that the “two-step-flow th
48、eory” （分数：2.00）A.serves as a solution to marketing problemsB.has helped explain certain prevalent trendsC.has won support from influentialsD.requires solid evidence for its validity(3).what the researchers have observed recently shows that （分数：2.00）A.the power of influence goes with social interacti
49、onsB.interpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaC.influentials have more channels to reach the publicD.most celebrities enjoy wide media attention(4).The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who （分数：2.00）A.stay outside the network of social influenceB.have little contact with the source of influenceC.are influenced and then influence othersD.are influenced by the initial influential(5).what is the essential element in the dynamics of social i
