1、中国矿业大学考博英语真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part One Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)One word that you might have learned when you were studying about sound is frequency. Frequency means 1 fast the sound wave vibrates. Faster vibrations produce 2 pitched sounds. The notes in a musical scale indicate the 3
2、or frequency of the sound. 4 word that can describe a sound is intensity. Intensity 5 to the amount of energy in a sound wave, and it 6 a sound“s loudness. Printed music will often include notes about how loud or 7 to play each section of the music. Timbre is another 8 used to describe musical sound
3、s. It describes how the same note will have 9 sounds when played 10 different instruments. For example the same note may sound soft and pretty when played on a flute, 11 strong and brassy when played on a trumpet. The timbre of a note comes from both the actual note 12 is played 13 also its overtone
4、s, 14 are other higher and lower sounds that are produced 15 the same time.（分数：15.00）二、Part Two Reading Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：6.00)The last of the dinosaurs lived during a time called the Cretaceous period. This time period lasted from about 135 million to 65.5 million years ago.
5、Some sources give the years of 146, 145, or 144 million to 65 million years ago. In the Cretaceous period, the middle of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The Atlantic Ocean began opening up between Europe and North America as those continents rifted. Other continents that had begun pullin
6、g away from each other in the Jurassic continued drifting apart. India was an island by itself. Evergreen trees, mosses, and ferns had been the main types of plants, but now in the Cretaceous, flowering plants appeared. Bees did, too. Hardwood trees like oaks and maples first appeared in the fossil
7、record. Modem birds and mammals came into the fossil record. Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops came into existence. So did other ceratopsian dinosaurs, relatives of Triceratops, with their wide variety of facial horns and neck frills. Great herds of perhaps 10,000 Triceratops roamed the edges of the Nor
8、th American Inland Sea. The climate began to cool. At the end of the Cretaceous, another mass extinction wiped out as much as 90 percent of marine life and 50 percent of life on land. There were no more dinosaurs after the end of the Cretaceous, at about 65.5 million years ago. The Cenozoic era, als
9、o called the Age of Mammals, began.（分数：6.00）(1).The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period _.（分数：2.00）A.killed all the dinosaursB.killed half of all life on landC.killed as much as 90 percent of marine lifeD.all of the above(2).Continents in the Cretaceous period were _.（分数：2.00）A.drift
10、ing apartB.moving towards each otherC.in the same locations as they are todayD.none of the above(3).The author“s main purpose for writing this was to _.（分数：2.00）A.informB.entertainC.warnD.persuade四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Physical therapy is the treatment of people of all ages with injured or dise
11、ased muscles, arms, or legs. Physical therapists, or PTs as they are often called, treat patients with exercise and massage. PTs do not use medicine to treat patients. Sometimes water or heat therapies are used for treatment as well. Physical therapy helps an injured or sick person move with less pa
12、in and stress. PTs are not medical doctors, but doctors often refer patients to physical therapists to help patients recover from injuries or deal with diseases. A PT studies the patient“s medical records. Then he or she develops a treatment plan to improve the patient“s ability to move the injured
13、limb. PTs work with patients to strengthen damaged or weakened muscles. PTs may teach the patient how to use crutches, wheelchairs, or an artificial limb. Therapists want patients to be able to do as many daily activities as they possibly can. The PT keeps a record of the patient“s progress. Treatme
14、nts are changed according to the patient“s needs and rate of progress. Physical therapists must graduate from a physical therapy program at a college or university. A four year baccalaureate degree is required. In addition, a master“s degree requires two to two and one-half more years. A doctorate d
15、egree requires three years. Physical therapists must pass a national and/or state exam to get a license. Some PTs work in hospitals, nursing homes, or doctors“ offices. Some PTs travel to patients“ homes to work with patients who are homebound. Some PTs work in schools, health clubs, or with sports
16、teams. PTs may specialize in a certain field, such as sports medicine, working with athletes. They might choose cardiology, working, with patients with heart disease or defects. They might choose the field of pediatrics if they like working with children. If you are a person who likes people and wan
17、ts to help them improve their lives, you might like to be a physical therapist. If so, you should have strong communication and interpersonal skills. Above all, compassion is a required character trait for a PT.（分数：8.00）(1).Physical therapists“ _ helps patients get better.（分数：2.00）A.dietsB.medicines
18、C.surgeryD.training(2).Which of these people would probably benefit most from physical therapy?（分数：2.00）A.A doctor who is fired from working long hoursB.A child who doesn“t like to take medicineC.An athlete who has torn a muscleD.An athlete with cuts and bruises(3).What is paragraph 4 mainly about?（
19、分数：2.00）A.Job description for a physical therapistB.Job requirements for a physical therapistC.Job training and education for a physical therapistD.All of the above(4).Which of these is an opinion and not a fact?（分数：2.00）A.Some PTs travel to patients“ homesB.Physical therapists have a rewarding jobC
20、.Physical therapists first need a college degreeD.Physical therapists must pass an exam to get a license五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：8.00)This amazing woman was born a poor German princess and became one of Russia“s greatest emperors. She was born Princess Sophia August Frederika on May 2, 1729, in the
21、Baltic seaport town of Stettin, then a part of German Pomerania. Her father was an obscure German military prince named Christian August, and her mother was Princess Joanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Her father was. ruler of the tiny principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, but the greater part of his lif
22、e was spent as an officer in the service of Prussia. In 1744, she arrived in Moscow with her mother to marry Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne (later Peter ). Their marriage was an unhappy one. Catherine (now baptized into the Russian Ortho
23、dox Church under that name) spent much of her time preparing for her future reign. In 1761, Peter was crowned emperor. Supported by the Russian military, Catherine overthrew Peter in 1762 and became Catherine II. She quickly began to make changes in government and society based on ideas learned from
24、 French-Philosophers of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient Rome. She was a friend of Voltaire and other European writers, and wrote stories and plays. She supported French writer and philosopher Denis Diderot when he was broken-she bought his library, hired him to look after it at his own
25、house, for which she paid him a salary for the next 50 years in advance. Catherine patronized the arts, music and education, and she put millions of rubles into the creation of the Hermitage Museum, which today is the delight of Russia and the world. No other Russian monarch appreciated beauty as mu
26、ch as Catherine. She set the stage for the emergence of a national Russian culture that would become something unique and wonderful in the 19th century. Catherine established the first schools for women, including the Smolny Institute for in Petersburg. Also, Russia“s first public schools and univer
27、sities were founded during her reign. Her rule was one of the most prosperous periods of the Russian Empire. She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and occupied vast territories on Russia“s southern boundaries, eventually advanc
28、ing the country“s border to the Black Sea.（分数：8.00）(1).How old was Catherine when she arrived in Russia to marry Grand Duke Peter of Holstein?（分数：2.00）A.21B.15C.13D.Not mentioned(2).How did Catherine become ruler of Russia?（分数：2.00）A.Her father diedB.The people of Russia chose herC.She inherited the
29、 title from her cousinD.She used force to take over the government(3).Catherine learned from _.（分数：2.00）A.ancient Roman authorsB.Russian arts, music and educationC.French philosophers of the EnlightenmentD.European writers such as Voltaire and Diderot(4).During her reign, _.（分数：2.00）A.Russia became
30、a military superpowerB.Public schools were established for girlsC.Millions of rubles were robbed and storedD.All of the above六、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americans do not have a comer on the “death“
31、 market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the most taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city: therefore, there are three types of taxes.
32、 Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax incre
33、ases as a person“s income increase. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due. The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, or any of the other forty-eight states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the fede
34、ral government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent i
35、n that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing. The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax
36、 (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire department, public works and municipal buildings. Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each wee
37、k just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different view on many issues, they tend to agree on one subjec
38、t: taxes are too high.（分数：10.00）(1).How do you understand “Americans do not have a corner on the death market“?（分数：2.00）A.Americans can“t monopolize this marketB.There is no such place as a death market in the United StatesC.Americans are not good at doing business in the death marketD.Americans do
39、not have a secret place to keep from death in their life(2).What“s the attitude of the Americans towards taxes?（分数：2.00）A.Take them easyB.Try to resist themC.Complain and protestD.Take them as their duty(3).What“s the difference between federal tax and state tax?（分数：2.00）A.They have the same percent
40、ageB.It is not mentioned in the passageC.The percentage for the state tax is higher than the federal taxD.The percentage for the federal tax is higher than the state tax(4).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Excise tax is charged on carsB.There is a unified state
41、tax lawsC.Income tax increases as a person“s income increasesD.Some states have both an income tax and a sales tax(5).Which of the following usages of the taxes is NOT mentioned in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.For raising their revenuesB.For sustaining developmentC.For police and fire departmentsD.For pub
42、lic works and municipal building七、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. Th
43、is is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history,
44、 and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe led, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and
45、the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these ch
46、anges have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity. What“s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of wate
47、r available for agriculture in many regions. All this mean that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20st. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable t
48、han new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact“. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one th
49、at looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental cost, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just
