1、中医综合-方剂学(九)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But (1) some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does (2) short-term change
2、s in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, (3) heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to (4) , a good laugh is unlikely to have (5) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.(6) ，instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
3、apparently accomplishes the (7) , studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter (8) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help (9) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does
4、produce other types of (10) feedback, that improve an individuals emotional state. (11) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted (12) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry (13) they are sad but they become sad when the tears
5、 begin to flow.Although sadness also (14) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow (15) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to (16) a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an ar
6、tificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) (17) expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, (19) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around (20) , the physical
7、 act of laughter could improve mood.（分数：10.00）(1).Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobserve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Ameasurable Bmanage
8、able Caffordable Drenewable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).Aphysical Bm
9、ental Csubconscious Dinternal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).AExcept for BAccording to CDue to DAs for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Awith Bon Cin Dat（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond（分数：0.50
10、）A.B.C.D.(16).Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).AEventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConversely（分数：
11、0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)You really do have to wonder whether a few years from now well look back at the first decade of the 21st centurywhen food prices spiked, energy prices soared, world population surged, tornados plowed throu
12、gh cities, floods and droughts set records, populations were displaced and governments were threatened by the confluence of it alland ask ourselves. What were we thinking? How did we not panic when the evidence was so obvious that wed crossed some growth, climate, natural resource and population red
13、lines all at once? “The only answer can be denial,“ argues Paul Gilding, an Australian environmentalist, in a new book called The Great Disruption. “When you are surrounded by something so big that requires you to change everything about the way you think and see the world, then denial is the natura
14、l response. But the longer we wait, the bigger the response required.“Gilding cites the work of the Global Footprint Network, an alliance of scientists, which calculates how many “planet Earths“ we need to sustain our current growth rates. G. F. N. measures how much land and water area we need to pr
15、oduce the resources we consume and absorb our waste, using prevailing technology. On the whole, says G. F. N. , we are currently growing at a rate that is using up the Earths resources far faster than they can be sustainably replenished, so we are eating into the future.This is not science fiction.
16、This is what happens when our system of growth and the system of nature hit the wall at once. We are now using so many resources and putting out so much waste into the Earth that we have reached some kind of limit, given current technologies. The economy is going to have to get smaller in terms of p
17、hysical impact.We will not change systems, though, without a crisis. But dont worry, were getting there. Were currently caught in two loops: One is that more population growth and more global warming together are pushing up food prices, causing political instability in the Middle East, which leads t
18、o higher oil prices, thus to higher food prices and more instability. At the same time, improved productivity means fewer people are needed in every factory to produce more stuff. So if we want to have more jobs, we need more factories. More factories making more stuff make more global warming, and
19、that is where the two loops meet.But Gilding is actually an eco-optimist. As the impact o the imminent Great Disruption hits us, he says, “our response will be proportionally dramatic, mobilizing as we do in war. We will change at a scale and speed we can barely imagine today, completely transformin
20、g our economy, including our energy and transport industries, in just a few short decades. “ We will realize, he predicts, that the consumer-driven growth model is broken and we have to move to a more happiness-driven growth model, based on people working less and owning less.（分数：10.00）(1).According
21、 to Paul Gilding, faced with disastrous evidence, people wouldA be frightened into rethinking the ways we treat the earth.B refuse to admit the follies committed by human beings.C set a redline for population growth and the exploration of nature.D come up with a response required to cope with the wo
22、rsening situation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The G. F.N. scientistsA have overstated the sustainability of the earth.B are ignorant of the serious situation the earth faces.C are overconfident about the role of current technology.D issue a warning message about the sustainability of the earth.（分数：2.00）A.B
23、.C.D.(3).The author agrees with Gilding thatA both growth and tapping of nature have reached their limits.B one way of breaking the loops is making better use of the technology.C the current situation is not as bad as the G. F. N. scientists state it.D improved productivity will eventually help rais
24、e the employment rate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).To correct the situation, Gilding advocatesA stabilizing the political and economic situation.B learning useful lessons from wartime mobilization.C keeping economic growth at a sustainable rate.D making better use of current technologies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5
25、).It can be inferred that the happiness-driven growth model is characterized byA higher economic productivity.B slower economic growth.C less dramatic political change.D constant technological innovations.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many will know that the word “muscle“ comes from the L
26、atin for “mouse“ (rippling under the skin, so to speak ). But what about “chagrin“, derived from the Turkish for roughened leather, or scaly sharkskin. Or “lens“ which comes from the Latin “lentil“ or “window“ meaning “eye of wind“ in old Norse? Looked at closely, the language comes apart in images,
27、 like those strange paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo where heads are made of fruit and vegetables. Not that Henry Hitchingss book is about verbal surrealism. That is an extra pleasure in a book which is really about the way the English language has roamed the world helping itself liberally to words,
28、 absorbing them, forgetting where they came from, and moving on with an ever-growing load of exotics, crossbreeds and subtly shaded near-synonyms. It is also about migrations within the languages own borders, about upward and downward mobility, about words losing their roots, turning up in new surro
29、undings, or lying in wait, like “duvet“ which was mentioned by Samuel Johnson, for their moment. All this is another way of writing history. The Arab etymologies of “ saffron “, “crimson“ and “sugar“ speak of Englands medieval trade with the Arab world. We have “cheque“ and “tariff“ from this source
30、 too, plus “arithmetic“ and “algorithm“-just as we have “etch“ and “sketch“ from the Dutch, musical terms from the Italians and philosophical ones from the Germans. French nuance and finesse are everywhere. At every stage, the book is about people and ideas on the move, about invasion, refugees, imm
31、igrants, traders, colonists and explorers. This is a huge subject and one that is almost bound to provoke question-marks and explosions in the margins-soon forgotten in the books sheer sweep and scale. A balance between straight history and word history is sometimes difficult to strike, though. Ther
32、e is a feeling, occasionally, of being bundled too fast through complex linguistic developments and usages, or of being given interesting slices of history for the sake, after all, of not much more than a “gong“ or a “moccasin“. But it is churlish to carp. The authors zest and grasp are wonderful. H
33、e makes you want to check out everything-“ carp“ and “zest“ included. Whatever is hybrid, fluid and unpoliced about English delights him. English has never had its Acad mie Francaise, but over the centuries it has not lacked furious defenders against foreign “corruption“. There have been rearguard a
34、ctions to preserve its “manly“ pre-Norman origins, even to reconstruct it along Anglo-Saxon lines: “wheel- saddle“ for bicycle, “painlore“ for pathology. But the omnivorous beast is rampant still. More people speak it as their second language than as their first. Forget the language of Shakespeare.
35、Its “Globish“ now, the language of aspiration. No one owns it, a cause for despair to some. Mr. Hitchings admits to wincing occasionally, but almost on principle he is more cheerful than not. （分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, which of the following is TRUE? A “Muscle“ derives from Italian. B “Cha
36、grin“ derives from Turkish. C “Crimson“ derives from Persian. D “Sketch“ derives from German.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is the trend in the English language that this book emphasizes? A The English language is becoming assimilated with other languages. B Differences between languages are more and mor
37、e obvious. C The English language is always absorbing words from other languages and turning them into its own. D The English language is gradually losing its linguistic vitality.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why does the author quote the paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo? A Language is like vegetables and fr
38、uits. B Language is composed of various colourful elements. C Language can be seen as various pictures. D Most words in languages have their origins in vegetables or fruits.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following may NOT be the reason of language integration according to the text? A Cultural com
39、munication. B International trades. C Colonism, emigration and immigration. D Internal motivation of languages.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the text, what does “Acad mie Francaise“ refer to? A An institute that aims at protecting the purity of language. B An institute established by France to p
40、romote French education in the world. C An institute of France that have all the renowned scholars in France. D An institute of higher education in France, especially famous for its authentic language education.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal
41、person is an expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not spe
42、ak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs car
43、eful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language.So
44、the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there shoul
45、d be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.It is important that t
46、he teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relatio
47、nship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well
48、 be time-wasted.But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique.Now the first and most important part of a language teachers technique
49、is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the students latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has
