1、中医综合-中医诊断学(四)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1) , the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of Engla
2、nd call themselves English. The others (2) to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3) the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4) being classified as “English“.Even in England there are many (5) in regional character and speech. The chief (6) is between southern England and northern En
3、gland. South of a (7) going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8) there are local variations.Further north regional speech is usually “ (9) “ than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10) to claim that they work harder than Southerners
4、, and are more (11) They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12) Northerners generally have hearty (13) : the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14) at meal times.In accent and character the p
5、eople of the Midlands (15) a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.In Scotland the sound (16) by the letter “R“ is generally a strong sound, and “R“ is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17) in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious,
6、 thrifty people, (18) inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19) as being more “fiery“ than the English. They are (20) a race that is quite distinct from the English. (289 words)Notes: fiery 暴躁的，易怒的。（分数：10.00）(1).A In cons
7、equence B In brief C In general D In fact（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A confine B attach C refer D add（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A as B which C for D so（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A with B by C at D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A similarities B differences C certainties D features（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A factor B virtue C priv
8、ilege D division（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A line B row C border D scale（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A who B when C though D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A wider B broader C rarer D scarcer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A used B apt C possible D probable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A perfect B notorious C superior D thorough（分数：0.50）
9、A.B.C.D.(12).A swiftly B promptly C immediately D quickly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A appetites B tastes C interests D senses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A helpings B offerings C fillings D findings（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A designate B demonstrate C represent D reckon（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A delivered B denoted C
10、depicted D defined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A quiet B obscure C faint D silent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A rather B still C somehow D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A rendered B thought C impressed D described（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A with B of C among D against（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、
11、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down,
12、 and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress
13、made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute“.We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and th
14、eir respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19tb century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature,
15、religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out tc conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.The entire world ord
16、er rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm.Sex roles were determined according to the “place“ appropriate to each. Womens place was, fir
17、st and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at hom
18、e, “cared, nurtured and conserved“. To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a ma
19、n.Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides, the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their dome
20、stic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.（分数：10.00）(1).It is only in recent years that we have recognized thatA there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.B the role distinction between different sexes is co
21、nspicuous.C the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.D the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career becauseA the change in sex rol
22、es is out of the question.B womens lib has been going on for many years.C ideas about the roles of women have been changing.D the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens roles.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s wasA preferable.B pr
23、evalent.C presumable.D precedent.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think thatA female passivity is natural.B men and women are physically identical.C men are born competitive and aggressive.D some different sex identity is acquired.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Accor
24、ding to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work?A Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B Ambition and self-fulfillment.C Financial incentives.D Desire for a social life.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Shortly after September 11th, President
25、Bushs father observed that just as Pearl Harbor awakened this country from the notion that we could somehow avoid the call of duty to defend freedom in Europe and Asia in World War Two, so, too, should this most recent surprise attack erase the concept in some quarters that America can somehow go it
26、 alone in the fight against terrorism or in anything else for that matter.But Americas allies have begun to wonder whether that is the lesson that has been learned-or whether the Afghanistan campaigns apparent success shows that unilateralism works just fine. The United States, that argument goes, i
27、s so dominant that it can largely afford to go it alone.It is true that no nation since Rome has loomed so large above the others, but even Rome eventually collapsed. Only a decade ago, the conventional wisdom lamented an America in decline. Bestseller lists featured books that described Americas fa
28、ll. Japan would soon become “Number One“. That view was wrong at the time, and when I wrote “Bound to Lead“ in 1989, I, like others, predicted the continuing rise of American power. But the new conventional wisdom that America is invincible is equally dangerous if it leads to a foreign policy that c
29、ombines unilateralism, arrogance and parochialism.A number of advocates of “realist“ international-relations theory have also expressed concern about Americas staying-power. Throughout history, coalitions of countries have arisen to balance dominant powers, and the search for traditional shifts in t
30、he balance of power and new state challengers is well under way. Some see China as the new enemy; others envisage a Russia-China-India coalition as the threat. But even if China maintains high growth rates of 6% while the United States achieves only 2%, it will not equal the United States in income
31、per head until the last half of the century.Still others see a uniting Europe as a potential federation that will challenge the United States for primacy. But this forecast depends on a high degree of European political unity, and a low state of transatlantic relations. Although realists raise an im
32、portant point about the leveling of power in the international arena, their quest for new cold-war-style challengers is largely barking up the wrong tree. They are ignoring deeper changes in the distribution and nature of power in the contemporary world. The paradox of American power in the 21st cen
33、tury is that the largest power since Rome cannot achieve its objectives unilaterally in a global information age.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the text that what strikes Bushs father is thatA American allies began to appreciate unilateralism.B Americans come to get over some misconcep
34、tions.C the U.S. became the largest power since Rome.D Americans can achieve its objectives unilaterally.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is realists attitude towards the continuing rise of American power?A Apprehensive.B Boastful.C Optimistic.D Grieved.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, cooperati
35、ve bodies of countries have emergedA to defeat new state challengers.B to defend international relations.C to maintain high growth rates.D to equalize dominant powers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author criticizes those who are “barking up the wrong tree“ for theirA dominance.B insecurity.C ignorance.D
36、sensitivity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author asserts that in dealing with world affairs the U. S should learn toA combine unilateralism with nationalism.B depend upon the conventional wisdom.C draw a lesson from the collapse of Rome.D revise its unilateral foreign policy wisely.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Tex
37、t 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)At some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago. J. B. S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a n
38、apkin, he said he would do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next generation.The theory of kin selection-the idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relatives-is biologys explanatio
39、n for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with “selfish“ genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next generations genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, g
40、enes for altruistic behavior might nevertheless propagate.Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefit
41、s for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self
42、 interest.All of these examples fit economists arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicus-maximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, retu
43、rn lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own inte
44、rest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers.When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr Fehr and his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong reciprocity“. This name is intended to di
45、stinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides
46、no prospect of material rewards in the future.（分数：10.00）(1).The story of J. B. S. Haldane is mentioned in the textA to honor his unusual altruistic acts.B to show how he contributed to his offspring.C to introduce the topic of human altruism.D to give an episode of his calculation abilities.（分数：2.00
47、）A.B.C.D.(2).According the theory of kin selection, humans tend to act altruisticallyA for the sake of desired reproduction.B out of self-interest.C on the request of natural selection.D because of kind nature.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).As pointed out in the text, “reciprocal altruism theory“ and “strong
48、reciprocity theory“ areA complementary.B contradictory.C superficial.D over-simplified.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The write mentioned the case of “the hunter who shares his spoils with others“(Para. 3) to demonstrateA innate human hostility.B his privileged status.C apparent altruism.D his sacrifice resources.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 thatA Human behavior is confined to the exclusive concern of psychologists.B Economists utility is only the explanations for random acts of kindness.C Altruism is developed during the long process of human evolution.D Biologists can hel
