1、中医综合-中医诊断学(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Regardless of their political affiliation, in all countries women must overcome a host of stumbling blocks that limit their political careers. “Most obstacles to progress consist of (1) of various kinds,“ says the Inter-Parl
2、iamentary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization (2) 139 parliaments, including the lack of time, training, information, self-confidence, money, support, motivation, womens networks and solidarity between women.In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes (3) hard. The belief still holds (4) that w
3、omen belong in the kitchen and (5) the children, not at election (6) or in the Speakers chair. The media often reinforce traditional images of women, who, upon entering politics, also bear the brunt (正面冲击) of verbal and physical (7) .In impoverished (贫穷的) countries (8) by civil conflicts and deterio
4、rating economic and social conditions, women are (9) by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.The IPU stresses the general lack of child-care facilitiesoften (10) a privileged fewthe (11) of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak bac
5、king women receive from their families. That support, which is (12) as well as financial, is (13) vital because women have internalized (14) images of themselves since the (15) of time and often suffer from low self-confidence.Another obstacle is the lack of financial resources, especially as electi
6、on campaigns become increasingly expensive. (16) , women encounter more or less open machismo (男子汉的高傲) in the (17) of closed political circles (18) entry to the “second sex. “ Lastly, they (19) the lack of solidarity between women, (20) by the fact that the number of available positions is limited.（
7、分数：10.00）(1).A deficiencies B deficits C defects D flaws（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A embracing B composing C comprising D constituting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A persist B vanish C revive D die（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A sway B water C truth D proof（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A with B to C among D into（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6)
8、.A assemblies B conventions C associations D rallies（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A penalties B attacks C tortures D abuses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A penetrated B compressed C intensified D racked（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A strapped B bandaged C restrained D inhibited（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A allowed for B put in for C
9、 reserved for D compensated for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A endeavor B persistence C stubbornness D reluctance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A moral B mortal C orthodox D sensible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A all the same B at most C all the more D above all（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A negative B obsolete C undesirable D vi
10、ce（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A commencement B threshold C dawn D outbreak（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A To make matters worse B In contrastC By the same token D To sum up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A form B fashion C pattern D format（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A inspiring B barring C disapproving D banning（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.
11、(19).A convict B justify C highlight D regret（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A deteriorated B solidified C aggravated D occurred（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize any resemblance
12、 between their lives and what they see on TVif they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops dont think much of them.The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions
13、are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he has to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting to scanti
14、ly clad ladies or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminal. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guiltyor notof stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal;
15、 as soon as hes arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attackswhere failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the policelittle effort is spent on searching. The police have an elab
16、orate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who dont want to get involved in a court cas
17、e. So as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in
18、 which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as members of a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality, secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to brea
19、k the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindednessas he sees itof citizens, social worker
20、s, doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.
21、（分数：10.00）(1).It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law_.A. so that he can catch criminals in the streetsB. because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerousC. so that he can justify his arrests in courtD. because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professiona
22、l lawyer（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The everyday life of a policeman or detective is_.A. exciting and glamorousB. full of dangerC. devoted mostly to routine mattersD. wasted on unimportant matters（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police_.A. prefer to wait for the criminal to
23、 give himself awayB. spend a lot of effort on trying to track down their manC. try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputationD. usually fail to produce results（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The real detective lives in “an unpleasant moral twilight“ because_.A. he is an expensive public servan
24、tB. he must always behave with absolute legalityC. he is obliged to break the law in order to preserve itD. he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Detectives are rather cynical because_.A. nine tenths of their work involves arresting peopleB. hardly anyone tell
25、s them the truthC. society does not punish criminals severely enoughD. too many criminals escape from jail（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the is
26、sues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other prac
27、tical hope for avoiding extinction.The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very
28、few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.With the estimated
29、 population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling
30、-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally.The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those f
31、rom Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bear host.Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw f
32、unding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that th
33、ose species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue. (402 words)Notes: ethically 道德上。gene pool 基因库。insemination n.受精。fertilize 使
34、受精。embryo 胚胎。proponent 支持者，拥护者。weigh A against B 权衡 A 和 B 的利弊。（分数：10.00）(1).The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in paragraph 1 in order toA identify the issues that will not be addressed in the text.B reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text.C id
35、entify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy today.D draw the readers attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order toA show that cl
36、oning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded.B argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloning.C show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.D demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain s
37、pecies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4 is written in order toA detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.B guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population.C demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate th
38、e panda species is a feasible goal.D inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The main purpose of the last paragraph is toA argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.B display both sides arguments on another
39、contentious issue in cloning.C redirect the readers attention to the previously raised issue of ethics in cloning.D provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the be
40、st candidate for cloning would beA Giant Pandas.B an endangered species with many living related species.C the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully applied.D those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species.（分数：2.
41、00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Feeling anxious? Your mood may actually change how your dinner tastes, making the bitter and salty flavors recede, according to new research. This link between the chemical balance in your brain and your sense of taste could one day help doctors to treat depression
42、. There are currently no on-the-spot tests for deciding which medication will work best in individual patients with this condition. Researchers hope that a test based on flavor detection could help doctors to get more prescriptions right first time. It has long been known that people who are depress
43、ed have lower-than-usual levels of the brain chemicals serotonin or noradrenaline, or in some cases both. Many also have a blunted sense of taste, which is presumably caused by changes in brain chemistry. To unpick the relationship between the two, Lucy Donaldson and her colleagues at the University
44、 of Bristol, UK, gave 20 healthy volunteers two antidepressant drugs, and checked their sensitivity to different tastes. The drug that raised serotonin levels made people more sensitive to sweet and bitter tastes, the team reports in the Journal of Neuroscience. The other, which increased noradrenal
45、ine, enhanced recognition of bitter and sour tastes. In healthy people, volunteers whose anxiety levels were naturally higher were less sensitive to bitter and salty tastes. “What hasnt been done beore is to look precisely at which tastes are affected in depression,“ says Donaldson. Now the results
46、are in, “we can discriminate between the chemicals and the tastes that seem to be altered,“ she says. Testing sensitivity to sweet and sour tastes could potentially help doctors to pick up on which chemicals are dipping, guiding them when choosing which drug to rectify the problem. Currently, doctor
47、s rely on physical and emotional symptoms to make a best guess at an individuals imbalance, prescribe a drug and wait about a month to check on any improvement. Good doctors have about a 60-80% success rate in selecting the right drug the first time, says psychiatrist Jan Melichar, a co-author on th
48、e paper. Are there any decent tests for prescribing drugs for depression? “No. We do a best guesstimate,“ says Melichar. “Im excited by this finding because in 3, 5 or 7 years we could have a simple taste test. “ Next, the team plans to perform similar tests in depressed people, and in healthy volun
49、teers given another brain chemical called tryptophan. This chemical would lower the healthy subjects levels of serotonin, as actually happens in depressed patients. The work has also generated interest from flavor houses-companies that develop chemicals for the food and drink industry-who are interested in making foods taste just as sweet with
