1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 93 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Africa“s unhappy distinction of being the world“s ep
2、icentre of HIV, the infection causing AIDS, is being challenged by Asia, from where 40% of the disease“s growth is forecast to come over the next few years. Already in China, contaminated blood transfusions in some villages have claimed the lives of most young adults, leaving only children and their
3、 grandparents alive. In Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New Guinea(PNG), about 60% of hospital beds are now occupied by AIDS patients. Faced with predictions that AIDS could cost Asian and Pacific countries tens of billions of dollars a year by 2010, two initiatives involving co-operation between
4、 government, businesses and aid workers have been launched in Australia to try to stop its spread. The first is a partnership between the Australian government and the(Bill)Clinton Foundation, a global body set up four years ago by the former American president to fight AIDS. Australia will provide
5、A $ 25m($ 18m)to work with the foundation in China, Vietnam and PNG, mainly to supply tests and anti-retroviral drugs. These are not necessarily the region“s three most afflicted countries: India, where 5m people live with HIV, has the most cases outside South Africa. But they do pose a risk of HIV
6、spreading beyond their borders, especially from PNG, Australia“s closest neighbour and its former colony. Over the past decade, HIV has grown alarmingly in PNG to reach 50,000 estimated cases, about 2% of the adult population. Alexander Downer, Australia“s foreign minister, worries about HIV“s poten
7、tial to become a “national catastrophe“ there, possibly rising to 500, 000 cases by 2025. Unprotected sex has driven most of the spread in PNG. In China(500,000 estimated cases)and Vietnam(260,000 cases), contaminated blood transfusions, prostitution and intravenous drug use are the main avenues. Th
8、e government-Clinton coalition will work with a second co-operative effort involving Australian companies that have operations in Asia. This has been formed through the Lowy Institute, a Sydney think-tank, which argues that AIDS, left unchecked, could prove another potential source of regional insta
9、bility along with terrorism. Margaret Jackson, chairman of Qantas, Australia“ s biggest airline, who heads the business coalition, says having 8. 3m people infected with HIV in Asia and the Pacific threatens the economic life of Asia, especially that of China, Australia“s second-biggest export marke
10、t. The outlook is grim: the number of sufferers is forecast to more than double to 20m by 2010unless rich countries, like Australia, start exporting their own successful experience in curbing AIDS.（分数：10.00）(1).It is implied in the text that_.（分数：2.00）A.Asia is becoming another epicenter of HIV in t
11、he worldB.most young adults are likely to be infected by HIVC.blood transfusions are no longer considered safeD.there are more AIDS patients in PNG than in China(2).Australia has launched two initiatives to_.（分数：2.00）A.lower the cost of Asian countries on AIDSB.cooperate with government, businesses
12、and aid workersC.forecast more accurately how much AIDS could costD.prevent the rapid spread of HIV in Asia and Pacific countries(3).The country afflicted most by HIV in Asia and Pacific is_.（分数：2.00）A.ChinaB.IndiaC.VietnamD.Papua New Guinea(4).In China, _ contributes most to HIV spreading.（分数：2.00）
13、A.prostitutionB.unprotected sexC.intravenous drug useD.contaminated blood transfusions(5).Australia on its own initiative helps its neighbors curb AIDS most probably because_.（分数：2.00）A.it is the richest among the countries in Asia and the PacificB.it is the only country with few AIDS cases in Asia
14、and the PacificC.the economic life and regional stability might be threatened by unchecked AIDSD.the number of AIDS patients is forecast to increase much fasterResearch on embryonic stem cells is controversial because it requires the destruction of live human embryos. Supporters find it easy to mini
15、mize the significance of this fact because the embryos are only a few days oldnothing more than “blastocysts“. But if it“s OK to destroy 5-day-old embryos to further scientific inquiry, is it OK to destroy embryos that are five weeks old? Five months? Eight months? Science can“t answer that question
16、. You don“t have to be part of the pro-life movement to have qualms about this kind of scientific inquiry. James Thomson, the University of Wisconsin biologist who pioneered the field, has said, “If human embryonic stem cell research does not make you at least a little bit uncomfortable, you have no
17、t thought about it enough. “ The president“s new order suggests we shouldn“t think too much. In 2001, supporters of embryonic stem cell research called on Bush to allow experiments using “surplus“ frozen embryos in fertility clinics, arguing that they would be disposed of anyway. But Obama didn“t li
18、mit his new policy to these fertilized eggs. On the contrary, he left open the possibility of funding studies using embryos created specifically so their cells can be harvestedwhich Congress has barred, but which some advocates would like to allow. The president took no position on whether scientist
19、s should be permitted to create embryos for the sole purpose of dismembering them for their stem cells. He did, however, reject another option. “We will ensure,“ he said, “that our government never opens the door to the use of cloning for human reproduction. It is dangerous, profoundly wrong and has
20、 no place in our society, or any society. “ But this position is hard to square with his professed approach. On one hand, the president says his policy is “about letting scientists like those here today do their jobs, free from manipulation or coercion“. On the other, he will use coercion to keep th
21、em from doing reproductive cloning. What this mandate means is simple: It may be permissible for scientists to create cloned embryos and kill them. It“s not permissible to create cloned embryos and let them live. Their cells may be used for our benefit, but not for their own. There lies the reality
22、of embryonic stem cell research: It turns incipient human beings into commodities to be exploited for the sake of people who are safely past that defenseless stage of their lives. It“s a change that poses risks not just to days-old human embryos. The rest of us may one day reap important medical ben
23、efits from this research. But we may lose something even more vital.（分数：10.00）(1).The author argues that research on embryonic stem cells is_.（分数：2.00）A.ethically unacceptableB.scientifically ill-foundedC.useful in treating diseasesD.not worth rigorous debate(2).It is implied in the text that pro-li
24、fe activists_.（分数：2.00）A.appreciate and accept Obama“s new order gladlyB.support the research on embryonic stem cellsC.are skeptical of any kind of scientific inquiryD.agree with the viewpoint of James Thomson(3).The author indicates that President Obama tends to_.（分数：2.00）A.prohibit clinics from us
25、ing frozen embryosB.allow creating embryos to get stem cellsC.finance studies on embryonic stem cellsD.restrict the disposition of fertilized eggs(4).The author is skeptical of President Obama“s claim that_.（分数：2.00）A.the restriction on human reproductive cloning will never be liftedB.scientists are
26、 free from manipulation or coercion in their researchC.scientists may be allowed to create embryos for getting stem cellsD.the use of cloning for human reproduction has no place in U. S.(5).The policy change on embryonic stem cell research is worrying in that_.（分数：2.00）A.human embryos may be turned
27、into commodities for saleB.all of us may suffer severe damage caused by the researchC.few people can get any medical benefit from the researchD.the newly created human embryos might be dismemberedIt seems unlikely that Andrew Speaker, the Atlanta lawyer who has been widely reviled for traveling by a
28、ir after being diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis, infected anyone. Notably, both those who condemn Speaker“s recklessness and those who sympathize with him agree the relevant question is the danger he posed to other people, which was the justification for his forcible isolation in a Denver
29、hospital. The case, of the TB-infected traveler helps clarify the grounds for government interventions aimed at preventing disease or injury. When Speaker left for his wedding and honeymoon in Europe on May 12, he knew he had a drug-resistant strain of tuberculosis but did not know he had extensivel
30、y drug-resistant(XDR)TB, a rare variety that“s very hard to treat. He had no fever, he was not coughing, and tests of his sputum found no TB bacteria. He says his doctors had assured him he was not contagious. According to Speaker, local public health officials, while recommending that he not fly, r
31、epeatedly told him he would not pose a significant threat to fellow passengers. That account is confirmed by Speaker“s father, who says he has an audio recording to prove it. While Speaker was in Rome, the CDC informed him he had XDR TB, told him he was on the U. S. “no fly“ list, and recommended th
32、at he report to an Italian hospital for indefinite isolation. Knowing his best shot at successful treatment was in Denver, Speaker took a circuitous route home, flying to Montreal and driving across the U. S. border. Speaker and his family insist he never would have traveled if he thought he might t
33、ransmit tuberculosis to others. In situations like this, there is room for argument about how to balance the safety of bystanders against the civil liberties of disease carriers. But at least in dealing with potentially deadly microorganisms that move from person to person, the rationale for governm
34、ent action is to prevent people from harming each other. By contrast, much of what passes for “public health“ today is aimed at preventing people from harming themselves. Activists and politicians use the language of public health to legitimize government efforts to discourage a wide range of risky
35、habits, including smoking, drinking, overeating, underexercising, gambling, driving a car without a seat belt, and riding a motorcycle without a helmet. Unlike tuberculosis, the risks associated with these activities are not imposed on people; they are voluntarily assumed. In a society that loses si
36、ght of that crucial distinction, the government has an open-ended license to meddle in what used to be considered private decisions. Anyone who exposes himself to the risk of disease or injury becomes a menace to public health.（分数：10.00）(1).Andrew Speaker was isolated in a hospital, for he_.（分数：2.00
37、）A.had been diagnosed with tuberculosisB.was forbidden to travel by air with TBC.might pose danger to numerous peopleD.might infect people around him otherwise(2).Before traveling by air, Andrew Speaker_.（分数：2.00）A.knew nothing about his diseaseB.developed a rare variety of TBC.had a highly contagio
38、us diseaseD.had manifest symptoms of XDR TB(3).Even after being diagnosed with TB, Andrew Speaker flied since_.（分数：2.00）A.he might not transmit his tuberculosis to othersB.he had an audio recording of his father“s accountC.he was assured of no threat posed to other peopleD.he was eager to have his w
39、edding and honeymoon(4).The author argues that the civil liberties of a patient with contagious disease are _.（分数：2.00）A.generally reckoned to be of much valueB.less valuable than the safety of other peopleC.of more value than the safety of other peopleD.not necessarily more important than others“ s
40、afety(5).The author believes that, to ensure “public health“, the government should_.（分数：2.00）A.intervene in people“s private decisionsB.discourage a wide range of risky habitsC.prevent people from harming each otherD.prevent people from harming themselvesThe Federation of American Societies for Exp
41、erimental Biology(FASEB)has just released a report on the career trajectories of young life scientists in the United States. It is likely to give pause to some of those currently considering graduate training as a route to a career in the academic life sciences. The survey finds that over two decade
42、s the number of academically employed life scientists in tenured or tenure-track positions has remained stuck at about 30,000, while the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the life sciences has doubled. The data also reveal a hard-to-reach career getting farther out of reach. The age at which the
43、 average PhD holder receives his or her first full National Institutes of Health grant has risen from 34 in 1970 to 42 now. Postdocs, facing such a late start to their professional lives, are increasingly jumping ship to industry. Postdocs find themselves bouncing around the world from lab to lab, s
44、eldom earning much more than they would have done in their first year on the job market with their undergraduate degree. Funding is short, the hours are long, and prospects uncertain. Postdocs have occasionally attempted to band together in solidarity and seek a better settlement from their employer
45、s, the institutions and universities. But this movement has been stronger in the social sciences than in the hard sciences. The transient nature of the work, together with its convoluted employment structure, has made it difficult for them to speak effectively with a single voice. Instead, the pligh
46、t of the postdoc will probably change only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top, where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained. There is an argument that, from a national policy perspective, the current situation is ultimate
47、ly productive. The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforce, and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs, most of them in the private sector of the economy. It might not be exactly what the students had in mind in the first place, but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause f
48、or concern. But FASEB“s data suggest that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students, so that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science. More effort is needed to ensure that recruitment interviews include realistic assessments of prospecti
49、ve students“ expectations and potential in the academic workplace. And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don“t exist.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “trajectory“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.curved pathB.endless trackC.long journeyD.ultimate goal(2)
