1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 92 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_It is a wise father that knows his own child, but to
2、day a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdomor at least confirm that he“s the kid“s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstoreand another $120 to get the results. More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become ava
3、ilable without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2, 500. Among the most popular
4、: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a family“s geographic root
5、s . Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing an
6、cestry testing,“ says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father“ s line or m
7、itochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. Critics
8、 also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don“t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database m
9、ay have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person“ s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.（分数：10.
10、00）(1).In Paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK“ s（分数：2.00）A.easy availability.B.flexibility in pricing.C.successful promotion.D.popularity with households.(2).PTK is used to（分数：2.00）A.locate one“ s birth place.B.promote genetic research.C.identify parent-child kinship.D.choose children for adopti
11、on.(3).Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to（分数：2.00）A.trace distant ancestors.B.rebuild reliable bloodlines.C.fully use genetic information.D.achieve the claimed accuracy.(4).In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is（分数：2.00）A.disorganized data collec
12、tion.B.overlapping database building.C.excessive sample comparison.D.lack of patent evaluation.(5).An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be（分数：2.00）A.Fors and Againsts of DNA TestingB.DNA Testing and Its ProblemsC.DNA Testing Outside the LabD.Lies Behind DNA TestingDo you remember all
13、those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn“t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americ
14、ans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enliste
15、d by the White House, to tell us that the Earth“ s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel“ s
16、 report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“ Just a
17、s on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it“ s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious
18、 and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it“s obvious that a majority of the president“s advisers still don“t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more resea
19、rcha classic case of “ paralysis by analysis “. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won“t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning co
20、nservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect th
21、e atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.（分数：10.00）(1).An argument made by supporters of smoking was that（分数：2.00）A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignif
22、icant.C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.(2).According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（分数：2.00）A.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide.(3).What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“ ( Para. 4)?（分数：2.00）A.E
23、ndless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progress.D.Extensive research helps decision-making.(4).According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?（分数：2.00）A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awaren
24、ess of conservation.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.(5).The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（分数：2.00）A.they both suffered from the government“ s negligence.B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the
25、outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D.both of them have turned from bad to worse.Data has a habit of spreading. It slips past military security and it can also leak from WikiLeaks. It even slipped past the bans of the Guardian and other media organisations involved in this story when a rogue
26、 copy of Der Spiegel accidentally went on sale in Basle, Switzerland. Someone bought it, realised what they had, and began scanning the pages, translating them from German to English and posting up-dates on Twitter. It would seem digital data respects no authority, be it the Pentagon, WikiLeaks or a
27、 newspaper editor. Individually, we have all already experienced the massive changes resulting from digitisation. Events or information that we once considered momentary and private are now accumulated, permanent, public. Governments hold our personal data in huge databases. It used to cost money to
28、 disclose and distribute information. In the digital age it costs money not to. But when data breaches happen to the public, politicians don“t care much. Our privacy is expendable. It is no surprise that the reaction to these leaks is different. What has changed the dynamic of power in a revolutiona
29、ry way isn“ t just the scale of the databases being kept, but that individuals can upload a copy and present it to the world. To some this marks a crisis, to others an opportunity. Technology is breaking down traditional social barriers of status, class, power, wealth and geographyreplacing them wit
30、h an ethos of collaboration and transparency. Leaks are not the problem; they are the symptom. They reveal a disconnect between what people want and need to know and what they actually do know. The greater the secrecy, the more likely a leak. The way to move beyond leaks is to ensure a strong managi
31、ng system for the public to access important information. We are at a key moment where the visionaries in the leading position of a global digital age are clashing with those who are desperate to control what we know. WikiLeaks is the guerrilla front in a global movement for greater transparency and
32、 participation. It used to be that a leader controlled citizens by controlling information. Now it“s harder than ever for the powerful to control what people read, see and hear. Technology gives people the ability to band together and challenge authority. The powerful have long spied on citizens as
33、a means of control, now citizens are turning their collected eyes back upon the powerful. This is a revolution, and all revolutions create fear and uncertainty. Will we move to a New Information Enlightenment or will the strong resistance from those who seek to maintain control no matter the cost le
34、ad us to a new totalitarianism? What happens in the next five years will define the future of democracy for the next century, so it would be well if our leaders responded to the current challenge with an eye on the future.（分数：10.00）(1).The story about leak from WikiLeaks suggests that digital data i
35、s（分数：2.00）A.getting used to leaking out.B.immune to authority.C.difficult to accumulate.D.being disclosed for free.(2).Politicians care much about the leak from WikiLeaks mainly because（分数：2.00）A.it posed a threat to digitisation.B.it involved their own privacy.C.it triggered the change of power.D.i
36、t brought opportunities to them.(3).The author“s method to overcome leaks indicates that（分数：2.00）A.a chain is no stronger than its weakest link.B.it is better to guide than to block.C.forbidden fruit is the sweetest.D.it is better to be late than never.(4).In a global digital age, citizens are clash
37、ing with politicians on（分数：2.00）A.the control over information.B.the mastery of technology.C.the participation of political activities.D.the supervision of media content.(5).According to the last paragraph, “enlightenment“ to “totalitarianism“ can be described as（分数：2.00）A.trusting information to “f
38、earing information“.B.publicizing information to “centralizing information“.C.embracing the challenge of digitalisationto“being frightened by digitalisation“.D.being cost-oriented during digitalisation to “being result-oriented during digitalisation“.Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than
39、 the gregarious of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper published last year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness is comparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining
40、 the results of 148 previous studies and controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness. Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so. He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C., about his wo
41、rk studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples of white blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of their genes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carries instructions from the g
42、enes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA from most genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, that were less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both the less active and the more activ
43、e gene types came from a small number of functional groups. Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viral infections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Cole suspects this could help explain not only why the
44、lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, this odd state of affairs has come about. The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individual and they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, and may thriv
45、e on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catching viruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanismwhich causes white cells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better off ramping up their protection against bacter
46、ial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them. What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which social environment reaches inside a person“ s body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not that the lonely and the gregarious are genetically differe
47、nt from each other. Rather, their genes are regulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation is part of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in.（分数：10.00）(1).What risk may lonely people run according to t
48、he first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.They can have the same risk as the gregarious.B.They may have symbols of early aging.C.They may fall victim to chronic illnesses.D.They may undergo more severe illnesses.(2).Dr. Cole made an analysis of the activity of the genes by（分数：2.00）A.measuring the level of messe
49、nger RNA.B.calculating the number of more active gene types.C.instructing the production of certain proteins.D.comparing less active genes with more active ones.(3).Broadly speaking, the genes more active in the lonely（分数：2.00）A.helped to avoid infections resulting from viruses.B.participated in guarding against bacteria.C.came from a few different functional groups.D.existed only as a small group.(4).What can we
