1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 86及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_On July 16th at least 23 children in the Indian state
2、 of Bihar died after eating a midday meal that was provided for free by their school. Nearly as many are in critical condition in a local hospital. Tests have revealed that adulterated cooking oil, perhaps containing pesticides, is likely to blame. A government inquiry has determined that the princi
3、pal of the school, who is in hiding, must be held responsible for the bad ingredients or unsafe methods used in preparing these meals. This event is horrific, without a doubt. Yet its damage could be even worse, if it raises too many doubts about the value of a largely successful program. The midday
4、-meal scheme, which began on a small scale decades earlier, received the support of India“s Supreme Court in 2001. Since then most Indian states have adopted it, offering free meals to children in state-run or state-assisted schools. More than 120m children, including many who would otherwise go hun
5、gry, receive these meals every school day. According to a recent analysis by Farzana Afridi of Syracuse University and the Delhi School of Economics, at a cost of three cents per child per school day, the scheme “reduced the daily protein deficiency of a primary-school student by 100% , the calorie
6、deficiency by almost 30% and the daily iron deficiency by nearly 10%. “ Ms Afridi also found that, after controlling for all other factors, the meals scheme has boosted the school attendance of girls by 12%. Abhijeet Singh of Oxford University found that, in some parts of India where children were b
7、orn during a drought, the health of those who had been brought into the meals scheme before the age of six was compensated for earlier nutritional deficits. What the disaster in Bihar has done, at the very least, is to highlight some of the pitfalls of the scheme. As with any programme of this size
8、in a country rife with corruption, the meals scheme is riddled with problems. The corruptible state is not alone in funding the programme; it is joined by private companies and NGOs. Corruption exists not just among state entities but among the supporting agencies too, as was demonstrated in 2006 wh
9、en a Delhi NGO was caught dipping into rice that was meant for midday meals. In the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where the levels of malnutrition are among the highest in the country, it was found that only three-fourths of the food meant for children reached them. Food is often stolen by the
10、administrators“ faking their students“ attendance. Beyond that, reports of adulterationnot only with shoddy or unsafe foodstuffs, but including finding worms, lizards and snakesare common. Next month, the Indian government will be voting on a food security bill which aims to provide food to 60% of t
11、he entire population, by means of a public distribution system. This one school“s tragedy comes at an especially crucial moment, when officials ought to be forced to inspect the leaky pipeline of distribution. At the same time it will be important to bear in mind: This scheme has done a lot more goo
12、d than harm.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one of the following is least likely to blame for Bihar midday meal tragedy?（分数：2.00）A.adulterated cooking oil.B.bad ingredients.C.unsafe cooking methods.D.poisonous avocado.(2).The damage of this event could be even worse because_.（分数：2.00）A.India“s Supreme Court wil
13、l no longer support the midday-meal schemeB.people may doubt the value of this largely successful midday meal programC.it will damage India“s international reputationD.many children will go hungry because of the ban on this midday-meal scheme(3).Which one of the following is not an example to illust
14、rate the problems this midday-meal scheme has?（分数：2.00）A.the Ministry of Human Resource Development has confirmed that 95% of meal samples prepared by NGOs in Delhi did not meet nutritional standards in 2010.B.In the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, it was found that only three-fourths of the food
15、 meant for children reached them.C.reports of adulterationnot only with shoddy or unsafe foodstuffs, but including finding worms, lizards and snakesare common.D.in 2006 a Delhi NGO was caught dipping into rice that was meant for midday meals.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：2.0
16、0）A.the advantages of the food security bill which aims to provide food to 60% of the entire population will outweigh its disadvantagesB.the food security bill which aims to provide food to 60% of the entire population will pass by a large majorityC.the distribution system of this food security prog
17、ram which aims to provide food to 60% of the entire population were corruptD.the food security bill which aims to provide food to 60% of the entire population will not pass due to its leaky pipeline of distribution(5).The author “ s attitude toward the midday-meal scheme in India is most accurately
18、described as_.（分数：2.00）A.admiration of the good it has done together with skepticism concerning the pitfalls of the schemeB.acceptance of the successful scheme accompanied with awareness of its limitationsC.appreciation of the difficulty involved in administrating the food distribution together with
19、 admiration of the good this scheme has doneD.respect for private companies and NGOs combined with intolerance of the pitfalls if this schemeThe study by researchers at the University of Basel in Switzerland found that even in the absence of moonlight, participants slept less deeply and for shorter
20、periods during the full moon than at other lunar phases. It is a phenomenon already known in other organisms as the “ circalunar rhythm “, but has never before been shown in humans. The brain pattern, eye movements and hormone secretion of volunteers were studied while they slept. Participants were
21、also asked for subjective assessments of their sleep quality. The results, published in Current Biology , showed that around the full moon, subjects“ brain activity associated with deep sleep decreased by 30%. They took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, had 20 minutes less sleep overall and lower lev
22、els of melatonina hormone known to regulate sleep. These findings correlated with the volunteers“ own perception that sleep quality was poorer during the full moon. Previous research has found no association between the phases of the moon and human physiology or behaviour. “I think one issue in the
23、past was that they compared a lot of people by mixing different laboratories, different devices, and including data from patients, so the entire thing was not standardised,“ Cajochen said. “The advantage here is that we really had a standardised protocol. “ The data was taken from a previous study t
24、hat was not originally looking at the moon“ s influence. Participants were kept in a very controlled environment, with artificial lighting, regulated temperature and no way of checking the time. This ensured that internal body rhythms could be investigated independently of external influences. “The
25、only disadvantage with such a standardised procedure is that we could only investigate 33 people,“ said Cajochen. “What I would like to do in the future is to increase the number of subjects and then to follow up each person through the entire moon cycle. “ But such a study would have problems of it
26、s own, he added. “If you“re actually going to tell people you“re investigating the influence of the moon, then you may trigger some expectation or sensitivity in them. Sleep is also a psychological thing, of course. “ If true, the mechanisms responsible for the phenomenon are unknown. Malcolm von Sc
27、hantz, a molecular neurobiologist at Surrey University, said: “Essentially it could be either two things: the moon itself has a gravitational pull which somehow affects our physiology. I find that very unlikely as the gravitational pull of the moon is fairly weak. It doesn“t cause tides in lakes for
28、 example, only in large oceans. In fact, if you“re sitting within 15 inches of the wall right now then the wall has a stronger gravitational pull on you than the moon does. So I don“t think we have a sort of mini-tide in ourselves. “ “The alternative is that there is a “counter“, a mechanism which k
29、eeps track somehow of the phases of the moon. “ Marine animals are already known to follow a circalunar rhythm and some believe it is tightly intertwined with the circadian rhythmthe other internal clock that many organisms, humans included, have which is entrained to the sun. Other researchers have
30、 wondered why a human circalunar clock should exist in the first place. Michael Hastings, a neuroscientist studying circadian rhythms at Cambridge University, said: “In evolutionary terms, it sounds plausible to me at least. “ If you were a hunter gatherer, you“d want to be out there on a full moon,
31、 not a new moon. It might be that there“s something about suppression of sleep under those circumstances because you should be out hunting.（分数：10.00）(1).The best explanation for “circalunar rhythm“ phenomenon would be_.（分数：2.00）A.a pattern of musical movement through timeB.a biorhythm that correspon
32、ds with the lunar cycleC.a biorhythm that illustrates the principle that we are influenced by emotional cyclesD.a biorhythm that corresponds with the our intellectual cycles(2).Researchers did not study_while participants slept.（分数：2.00）A.the brain patternB.eye movementsC.hormone secretionD.blood pr
33、essure(3).Compared with research and study in the past, the advantage of the study by researchers at the University of Basel in Switzerland is that_.（分数：2.00）A.they had a standardised protocolB.they studied the phases of the moon and human physiology or behaviourC.they compared a lot of people by mi
34、xing different laboratories and different devicesD.participants were asked for subjective assessments of their sleep quality(4).According to paragraph 3, which one of the following is not a characteristic of the very controlled research environment that participants were kept in?（分数：2.00）A.artificia
35、l lighting.B.regulated temperature.C.psychological intervene.D.no way of checking the time.(5).By illustrating that the wall has a stronger gravitational pull on you than the moon does, the author intends to say that_.（分数：2.00）A.the moon itself can not have a gravitational pull which somehow affects
36、 our physiologyB.the gravitational pull of the wall is fairly strongC.the gravitational pull of the moon can not cause tides in lakesD.people should not sit within 15 inches of the wall because of its gravitational pullUntil now, it had been widely assumed that the kind of mental ability that allows
37、 us to solve new problems without having any relevant previous experiencewhat psychologists call fluid intelligenceis innate and cannot be taught(though people can raise their grades on tests of it by practicing). But in a new study, researchers describe a method for improving this skill, along with
38、 experiments to prove it works. The key, researchers found, was carefully structured training in working memorythe kind that allows memorization of a telephone number just long enough to dial it. This type of memory is closely related to fluid intelligence, according to background information in the
39、 article, and appears to rely on the same brain circuitry. So the researchers reasoned that improving it might lead to improvements in fluid intelligence. First they measured the fluid intelligence of four groups of volunteers using standard tests. Then they trained each in a complicated memory task
40、, the child“ s card game, in which they memorized simultaneously presented auditory and visual stimuli that they had to recall later. The game was set up so that as the participants succeeded, the tasks became harder, and as they failed, the tasks became easier. This assured a high level of difficul
41、ty, adjusted individually for each participant, but not so high as to destroy motivation to keep working. The four groups underwent a half-hour of training daily for 8, 12, 17 and 19 days, respectively. At the end of each training, researchers tested the participants“ fluid intelligence again. To ma
42、ke sure they were not just improving their test-taking skills, the researchers compared them with control groups that took the tests without the training. The results, published Monday in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, were striking. Although the control groups also made gains,
43、 presumably because they had practice with the fluid intelligence tests, improvement in the trained groups was substantially greater. Moreover, the longer they trained, the higher their scores were. All performers, from the weakest to the strongest, showed significant improvement. “Intelligence has
44、always been considered principally an immutable inherited trait,“ said Susanne M. Jaeggi, a postdoctoral fellow in psychology at the University of Michigan and a co-author of the paper. “Our results show you can increase your intelligence with appropriate training. “ Why did the training work? The a
45、uthors suggest several aspects of the exercise relevant to solving new problems: ignoring irrelevant items, monitoring ongoing performance, managing two tasks simultaneously and connecting related items to one another in space and time.（分数：10.00）(1).It was generally believed that fluid intelligence_
46、.（分数：2.00）A.is a mental ability everyone hasB.permits us to solve any problemsC.is an ability determined by natureD.is irrelevant to previous experience(2).Researchers believe that fluid intelligence_.（分数：2.00）A.depends on the improvement of working memoryB.can be ameliorated by improving working me
47、moryC.relies on uninterrupted training in working memoryD.shares the same brain circuitry with working memory(3).A child“s card game was used in the experiment as it is_.（分数：2.00）A.a standard test to measure fluid intelligenceB.easy enough for any individual to accomplishC.an inspiring game with a h
48、igh level of difficultyD.a complicated memory task for all the test-takers(4).Control groups were used in the experiment so as to_.（分数：2.00）A.urge the participants to improve their real fluid intelligenceB.avoid the influence of improving testing skills on the resultC.prevent the trained groups from
49、 improving their testing skillsD.ensure the reliability and objectivity of the scientific research(5).According to the new study, appropriate training can increase one“s intelligence since_.（分数：2.00）A.one“s intelligence is nothing but an immutable inherited traitB.all performers showed significant improvement after trainingC.managing two tasks simultaneous
