1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 7及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_John Stuart Mill argued in the 19th century that an in
2、dividual should be free to do as he pleased, so long as he did not harm anyone else. The ban on smoking in pubs, bars and company carsin effect, in all enclosed public spacesthat came into effect in England in 2007 was informed by such thinking. Brought in to protect the health of non-smokers who wo
3、rked in or frequented such places, it seems to have worked. Research published on June 9th this year shows that, since the ban, fewer people have been admitted to hospital with symptoms of a heart attack. Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette is far more noxious than the nicotine-infused fumes
4、inhaled by the smoker. In the minutes after a neighbor has lit a cigarette, a passive smoker“s chances of suffering an immediate heart attack rise rapidly as toxins in the fug make his blood stickier. His long-term risk also rises, as narrowing arteries threaten him with heart disease and his chance
5、s of developing lung cancer and numerous other nasties also increase. Anna Gilmore of the University of Bath and her colleagues looked at how many people were admitted to hospital with a heart attack in England between 2002 and 2008. About 110,000 people are struck down each year; almost a fifth of
6、them die before they reach hospital, and a further tenth within a month of going into one. Ms Gilmore and her team found that, in the 12 months after the smoking ban came into force, some 1,200 fewer people were admitted to hospital with heart attacks than even the prevailing downward trend had sugg
7、ested was likely. That drop of 2.4% saved 8.4m in emergency hospital care. When the ban took effect, England was the largest jurisdiction to forbid smoking in enclosed public spaces. Studying a large population tends to give a more accurate result than studies of smaller places such as Scotland, par
8、ts of Italy and New York state, where more impressive reductions have been claimed. When the town of Helena, in Montana, banned smoking for six months, for example, hospital admissions for heart attacks almost halved from seven to less than four a month. Ms Gilmore reckons her figure, which covers f
9、ar more people, is more robust. Because heart disease is the most common cause of death in wealthy countries, even a relatively small reduction in heart attacks is good news for a great many people. In Britain, the freedom to smoke remains, but not at the expense of others.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the
10、 following behaviors would John Stuart Mill most probably approve?（分数：2.00）A.Indulging in candy and ice-cream.B.Snoring during a conference.C.Keeping a stray child to one“s own.D.Enjoying oneself drunk driving.(2).According to Paragraph 1, the ban on smoking in England（分数：2.00）A.is applicable to all
11、 public places.B.was proposed by John Stuart Mill.C.aims to protect the smokers“ health.D.has achieved some good results.(3).Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette（分数：2.00）A.consists of nicotine-infused fumes.B.won“t be inhaled by passive smokers.C.increases its inhaler“s disease risk.D.produces
12、 toxins in the inhaler“s blood.(4).It“s indicated in Paragraph 3 that the smoking ban（分数：2.00）A.was brought into force in 2008.B.reduces 1200 heart attacks per year.C.drops heart attacks by 2.4% in 2008.D.fulfills its purpose beyond expectation.(5).Anna Gilmore regard their research as more convinci
13、ng in that it（分数：2.00）A.is authorized by the largest jurisdiction.B.has a broader coverage of study subjects.C.is believed by many to be more accurate.D.is conducted in more specific places.Is athlete prowess attained or innate? Those who have suffered the scolding of a tyrannical games master at sc
14、hool might be forgiven for doubting the idea that anyone and everyone is capable of great sporting achievement, if only they would put enough effort into it. Practice may make perfect, but not all are built in ways that make it worth bothering in the first place. The latest evidence of this truth ha
15、s been gathered by Sabrina Lee of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and Stephen Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. They have looked at the anatomy of sprinters and found that their feet are built differently from those of couch potatoes. They looked at seven university splinters who special
16、ize in the 100-metre dash and five 200-metre specialists, and compared them with 12 non-athletic university students of the same height. In particular, they looked at the sizes of bones of the toes and heel. They also used ultrasonic scanning to measure the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons(the
17、 tendon inside the back of your leg just above your heel)of their volunteers as their feet moved up and down. This allowed them to study the length of the lever created by the tendon as it pulls on the back of the heel to make the foot bend and push off the ground. Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that th
18、e toes of their sprinters averaged 8.2cm in length, while those of non-sprinters averaged 7.3cm. The length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on also differed, being a quarter shorter in sprinters. These findings suggest sprinters get better contact with the ground by having longer
19、 toes. That makes sense, as it creates a firmer platform to push against. In a sprint race, acceleration off the block is everything. The reason for the difference in the Achilles tendons, though, is less immediately obvious. At first sight, sprinters might be expected to have more Achilles leverage
20、 than average, not less. First sight, however, is wrong. When muscles have to contract a long way, they usually do so quickly and with little force. When contracting short distances, though, they move more slowly and generate more force. Having a short Achilles lever allows the muscles that pull on
21、the tendon to generate as much as 40% more force than the same muscles in a non-sprinter would be able to manage. It is possiblejustthat these anatomical differences are the result of long and rigorous training., But it is unlikely. Far more probable is that the old saying of coaches, that great spr
22、inters are born not made, is true. Everyone else, games masters included, should just get used to the idea.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, the idea that practice makes perfect（分数：2.00）A.is suspected by all the athletes.B.owes success to efforts rather than gifts.C.explains the brilliant skil
23、ls of most athletes.D.isn“t accepted by tyrannical games masters.(2).Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that the feet of the sprinters are different from those of（分数：2.00）A.unskilled coaches.B.clumsy athletes.C.exerciseless non-athletes.D.specialists from other fields.(3).Longer toes of a sprinter are helpf
24、ul in that they enable him to（分数：2.00）A.touch the ground more safely.B.contract muscles more quickly.C.have a better starting speed.D.generate more force in the feet.(4).We can learn from this text that the advantages of a sprinter come from（分数：2.00）A.his longer toes and shorter lever of bone.B.his
25、special feet as a result of years of practice.C.his stronger muscles and better endurance.D.his professional training and inborn gifts.(5).Which of the following best summarizes the text?（分数：2.00）A.Perfection will come through practice.B.Athletes are made by inspiration and hard training.C.Hard work
26、 can make up for a lack of intelligence.D.Excellent athletes are born rather than made.It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. According to new findings in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for P
27、sychological Science, infants born to bilingual mothers exhibit different language preferences than infants born to mothers speaking only one language. Psychological scientists Krista Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Burns of the Organizati
28、on for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Two groups of newborns were tested in these experiments: English monolinguals(whose mothers spoke only English during pregnancy)and Tagalog-English bilinguals(whose mother
29、s spoke both Tagalog, a language spoken in the Philippines, and English regularly during pregnancy). The researchers employed a method known as “high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure“ to study the infants“ language preferences. This method capitalizes on the newborns“ sucking reflexincreased s
30、ucking indicates interest in a stimulus. In the first experiment, infants heard 10 minutes of speech, with every minute alternating between English and Tagalog. Results showed that English monolingual infants were more interested in English than Tagalogthey exhibited increased sucking behavior when
31、they heard English than when they heard Tagalog being spoken. However, bilingual infants had an equal preference for both English and Tagalog. These results suggest that prenatal bilingual exposure may affect infants“ language preferences, preparing bilingual infants to listen to and learn about bot
32、h of their native languages. To learn two languages, bilingual newborns must also be able to keep their languages apart. To test if bilingual infants are able to discriminate between their two languages, infants listened to sentences being spoken in one of the languages until they lost interest. The
33、n, they either heard sentences in the other language or heard sentences in the same language, but spoken by a different person. Infants exhibited increased sucking when they heard the other language being spoken. Their sucking did not increase if they heard additional sentences in the same language.
34、 These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life that helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages. The researchers observe that, “Monolingual n
35、ewborns“ preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language“ and that, “Bilingual newborns“ interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and hence further learning about, each of their languages.“ Discrimination of the two languages helps prevent confus
36、ion. The results of these studies demonstrate that the roots of bilingualism run deeper than previously imagined, extending even to the prenatal period.（分数：10.00）(1).The purpose of the experiments in Paragraph 2 is to find out（分数：2.00）A.infants“ sucking reactions to language stimulus.B.language liki
37、ngs and discerning ability of infants.C.children“s ability to alternate between two languages.D.infants“ sucking preference between different languages.(2).In the “high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure“, stronger language preference is shown by（分数：2.00）A.more sucking behaviors.B.greater speech
38、 attentiveness.C.more exposure to that language.D.longer sucking time.(3).According to Paragraph 3, language learning of an infant（分数：2.00）A.begins before it comes into the world.B.is decided by its mother“s language preference.C.is influenced by its lingual environment before birth.D.depends on its
39、 language preference before birth.(4).Which of the following is true of bilingual newborns?（分数：2.00）A.They have a preference between the two languages.B.They only notice a new language.C.They have more advantage than monolingual newborns.D.They can distinguish between the two languages.(5).Bilingual
40、 newborns“ interest in both languages is helpful because it enables them to（分数：2.00）A.focus on and better study both languages.B.keep the two languages apart.C.obtain longer listening attention.D.find out the roots of bilingualism.If you“re like most people, you“re way too smart for advertising. You
41、 flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is what we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, author of the best
42、seller Buyology and a marketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out is about to get a whole lot harder. Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity, pupil dilation, sweat resp
43、onses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically,
44、ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday sounds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it. To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wired up his volunteers, then played them recordings of dozens of familiar soun
45、ds, from McDonald“s ubiquitous “I“m Lovin“ It“ jingle to birds chirping and cigarettes being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the restboth in terms of interest and positive feelingswas a baby giggling. The other high-ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating cell phone, an ATM dispens
46、ing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful. In all of these cases, it didn“t take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather, the sounds already had meaning and thus triggered a cascade of reactio
47、ns: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation. “Cultural messages that get into your nervous system are very common and make you behave certain ways,“ says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits to being mystified by
48、 TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany that with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occurs, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers aren“t the only ones who
49、 may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, advertising（分数：2.00）A.is mainly seen in newspapers or online.B.has little effect on most people.C.is affected by economic situation.D.has an impact hard to ignore.(2).Lindstrom“s studies imply that（分数：2.
