1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 77及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_All men are created equal, or so reckoned Thomas Jeff
2、erson as he drafted America“s Declaration of Independence in 1776. Subsequent Americans have had reason to question the founding father. So too have people in the land from which the new nation gained its freedom. America and Britain are among the most unequal countries in the rich world and Britain
3、, at any rate, is more unequal now than it was a generation ago. That is the conclusion of a study commissioned by Harriet Harman, the equalities minister. Class and money have always strongly affected how people do in life in Britain, with well-heeled families breeding affluent children just as the
4、 offspring of the desperately poor tend to remain poor. All that was supposed to have ceased at the end of the Second World War, with the birth of a welfare state designed to meet basic needs and promote social mobility. But despite devoting much thought and more money to improving the lot of the po
5、or, governments have failed to boost those at the bottom of the pile as much as those at the top have boosted themselves. The new study, led by John Hills of the London School of Economics, found, for example, that the richest tenth of households received income more than four times that of the poor
6、est tenth; just a generation ago, it was three times as much. Internationally, only six of the 30 members of the OECD, a club of mainly rich countries, show greater inequality. Wealth is distributed far more unequally than income, with the richest tenth in Britain holding assets worth almost 100 tim
7、es those of the poorest. Although the study found that some of the widest gaps between social groups have diminished over time, deep-seated differences between haves and have-nots persist, ruining the life chances of the less fortunate. Politicians of all stripes talk up equality of opportunity, arg
8、uing that it makes for a fairer and more mobile society, and a more prosperous one. The goal of greater equality of outcomes also has its boosters. In “The Spirit Level“, epidemic disease experts Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson claim that more equal societies are healthier than unequal ones, as w
9、ell as happier. Not all agree, but in a country where the National Health Service accounts for almost a fifth of public spending, it is worth considering. The difficulty arises in putting these notions into practice, through severe tax increases for the middleclass and wealthy, or expanding governme
10、nt intervention. These have not recently been vote-winning propositions, but the recession that Britain is now limping away from may have changed things.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Harriet Harman, in Britain,（分数：2.00）A.inequality has disappeared.B.the rich-poor gap has narrowed.C.various social inequ
11、alities spring up.D.the unequal situation has worsened.(2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?（分数：2.00）A.Class and money determine everything in Britain.B.Gap between poor and rich remains after World War II.C.Basic needs are met in Britain thanks to the welfare policy.D.The Bri
12、tish government makes few efforts to help the poor.(3).John Hills“ study has found that（分数：2.00）A.the richest receive income four times more than the poorest.B.Britain is an OECD member with the highest rate of inequality.C.wealth distribution is more unequal than income distribution.D.most gaps bet
13、ween social groups have disappeared over time.(4).It is indicated in Paragraph 4 that British politicians（分数：2.00）A.only indulge in empty talks.B.advocate fairer opportunities.C.boost the equality of outcomes.D.ignore the real need of the poor.(5).Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson hold that fairer
14、countries（分数：2.00）A.enjoy a higher level of well-being.B.are often more mobile and prosperous.C.feature stronger government intervention.D.can be realized by severe tax increases.On 26 March, the Italian Senate approved a bill that would give physicians in the country the right to override the livin
15、g wills of people who are in a persistent vegetative state, and to try to keep the patients alive through artificial nutrition. The measure has caused intense controversy. Many countries have laws, or established codes of medical practice, that protect the expressed wishes of an individual to declin
16、e treatment if they become severely incapacitated and incapable of communicating. In most US states, for example, a doctor must negotiate with relatives via an ethics committee if he or she believes that a patient incapacitated in this way could benefit from additional treatment. The Italian bill, h
17、owever, explicitly allows physicians to overrule such living wills. It also declares that artificial nutrition is not a clinical intervention. Curiously, the proposed law applies only to patients in the type of prolonged, deep coma known as a persistent vegetative state, and not to those with other,
18、 similarly incapacitating illnesses. This is because the bill has been prompted by the recent and much-publicized death of Eluana Englaro, who spent 17 years in a vegetative state after a car accident at the age of 21. Her father, arguing that his daughter had voiced a desire to be allowed to die if
19、 incapacitated, had pressed her reluctant doctors to cease artificial feeding. He eventually took legal action, winning in one court after the next in fighting off all the doctors“ appeals. In February, he finally had her moved to a hospital that was prepared to remove the feeding tube. Prime Minist
20、er Silvio Berlusconi issued an emergency decree to block the process, but the Italian president refused to sign it. The constitutional crisis was averted when Englaro died on 9 February. Surveys have indicated that a large majority of Italians do not support the idea that living wills could be ignor
21、ed But most relevant scientific societies have been quiet The Federation of Italian Physicians published only a mild statement, after the Senate vote, suggesting that it should have been consulted. As tragic as Englaro“s situation was, media-fuelled emotion is not a good basis for lawmaking. The Ita
22、lian constitution says that no one can be forced to undergo medical treatment without his or her approval. The Italian parliament must now ensure that the bill is imbued with a suitable level of scientific and legal sophistication, and that it meets this constitutional provision. Discussion needs to
23、 embrace the requested wider consultation with the medical community and provisions should be made for care-givers“ conscientious objection. But a physician whose conscience precludes his or her personally removing a feeding tube should not have the last say in the life or death of a patient whose w
24、ishes are clearly stated.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “override“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)most probably means（分数：2.00）A.protect.B.scorn.C.ignore.D.respect.(2).In Paragraph 2, US states are cited as an example to show that（分数：2.00）A.the expressed wishes of an individual are protected by laws or codes of medical
25、 practice.B.a doctor must discuss with relatives of the patient when providing additional treatment.C.a doctor has the right to let the patient who declines treatment continue to be treated medically.D.intense controversy about the living will of the patient has been caused.(3).It can be inferred fr
26、om the third paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.Eluana Englaro died because a hospital removed her feeding tube.B.the bill could be applied to patients with all kinds of incapacitating illnesses.C.the Senate passed the bill in honor of Eluana Englaro.D.the bill could be applied to patients suffering deep coma
27、.(4).A physician does not have the right to decide the life or death of a patient if（分数：2.00）A.there is no suitable level of scientific and legal sophistication.B.the patient expresses his own living will in a clear way.C.the physician does not have clear conscience.D.there is no wider consultation
28、with the medical community.(5).Which of the following is the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.The Living Will of PatientsB.The Death of Eluana EnglaroC.A Bill against RightsD.The Intense ControversyWhen it comes to jealousy, men and women aren“t always on the same page. Previous studies have show
29、n that, while men are more likely to see red over a partner“s sexual infidelity, women are more upset by emotional cheating. Evolutionary psychologists theorize that the difference is rooted in the sexes“ historical rolesmen wanted to guarantee that their partners were carrying their children, while
30、 women needed to feel secure that they and their children would be cared for by a committed partner. Yet, that evolutionary explanation doesn“t account for a large group of men who say that emotional disloyalty is more upsetting than sexual infidelity, and women who are more upset by sexual betrayal
31、. To gain a more thorough understanding of gender and jealousy, researchers from Pennsylvania State University(PSU)approached the issue with some modern psychology. In a study published in the journal Psychological Science, researchers found that, while generally speaking, the evolutionary explanati
32、on of gender and jealousy held up; when viewed through the lens of attachment theorybroadly, the psychological theory about our tendency to foster intimate relationships with other peopleboth men and women with secure emotional histories were more likely to experience jealousy over emotional infidel
33、ity, and those who were insecure or dismissing, were more likely to be vexed by sexual cheating. To tackle the issue, researchers recruited 416 college students from New York City, whose attachment styles were assessed through questionnaires containing a series of vignettes(short descriptions or pic
34、tures)each reflecting either secure, fearful, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. Participants were instructed to select the story that most accurately reflected their own attitude about romantic relationships, and were categorized accordingly. In a subsequent questionnaire, participants w
35、ere asked whether they would be more upset by their partner “having passionate sexual intercourse with another person,“ or “forming a deep emotional attachment to another person.“ They found that, regardless of gender, 77.3% of securely attached participants viewed emotional infidelity as more upset
36、ting, while 64.8% of insecure or dismissing participants thought sexual cheating was worse. These findings, the authors say, shed light on the intricate psychological nature of jealousy, and may help to develop techniques to determine the underlying dynamics of sexual jealousya well-documented cause
37、 of spousal abuse, beating and even murder. The authors suggest that, gaining a better understanding of not only the broad differences in jealousy between the sexes, but of the differences in jealousy within genders, may help to identify methods for interrupting abuse by fostering stable, secure att
38、achments.（分数：10.00）(1).The theory put forward by evolutionary psychologists（分数：2.00）A.maintains that men and women are different when it comes to jealousy.B.asserts that the gender difference in jealousy shaped the sexes“ historical roles.C.fails to obtain a thorough understanding of gender and jeal
39、ousy.D.is by and large influenced by Darwin“s evolutionary theory.(2).The study conducted by researchers from PSU has shown that（分数：2.00）A.the evolutionary theory of gender and jealousy is valid and true.B.more participants(77.3% to 64.8%)viewed emotional infidelity as more upsetting.C.the evolution
40、ary explanation is untrue when viewed from the angle of attachment theory.D.aside from gender, attachment styles contribute to the difference in terms of jealousy.(3).The word “vexed“(Line 7, Para. 2)most probably means（分数：2.00）A.bewildered.B.haunted.C.irritated.D.troubled.(4).What can be inferred f
41、rom the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Jealousy has nothing to do with gender, but with attachment styles.B.The findings help to explain the nature of jealousy, especially sexual jealousy.C.Records have shown that sexual jealousy is a cause of marital violence.D.A better knowledge of jealousy can avoid s
42、pousal abuse and domestic violence.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Emotional Disloyalty vs. Sexual InfidelityB.Gender and JealousyC.Attachment Styles and JealousyD.Dynamics of JealousyHere you are. Every morning, you reluctantly return to the same 6x6 cube
43、. You grab a coffee, surf a news site, and chitchat with a peer. Then it“s onto that attack of calls and e-mails coming your way. But the workload doesn“t bother you. Staying busy saves you from something worse. And that something worse happens each month when the promotion announcements come out. Y
44、ou read what your peers have accomplished, here and elsewhere. Reflecting on what you did during that same time, you realize how far you“ve fallen behind. Sometimes you whisper, “That should“ve been me.“ Years ago, you marched into this cube dreaming of being a big shot. You didn“t plan to stay here
45、 long; it was a place to learn the ropes and build your reputation. Early on, the higher-ups raved about your natural talent and upside. But those qualities only take you so far. Now, you hold a ceremonial “Senior“ title. Your place is secure and you make a decent living. Still, you feel trapped and
46、 restless. You follow the same tired routines. And you wonder if you“ve settled, if this is all there is and all you“ll ever be. You once lived like you had all the time in the world. Then you lost track of it as years passed. Now, you feel its weight and passing more intimately, knowing how much yo
47、u“ve wasted. We want to believe our careers will unfold logically. We see ourselves as special, possessing a manifest destiny to someday create, change, and lead. So we put our lives on hold and sacrifice for the greater good at work, certain our efforts will eventually be rewarded. We imagine climb
48、ing the proverbial ladder, not wandering through a maze. So what happened? You“d like to believe it was one momenta major oversight or missed opportunity that led you here. Deep inside, you know the truth. You wrote lists and plans, knowing you“d never put them into motion. You waited for something
49、to happen to you. and got left behind. Despite the grueling hours, you went through the motions, subconsciously knowing your path was welcome scenery and exercise. But led nowhere. In our personal narratives, we naturally make ourselves the heroes. We seek out villains and scapegoats to justify why our lives haven“t panned out Unfortunately, the truth is far less melodramatic. It is usually a series of evasions,
