1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 422 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Ever since this governments term began, the attitude to teachers has b
2、een overshadowed by the mantra that good teachers cannot be rewarded if it means bad teachers are rewarded, too. Thats why, despite the obvious need for them, big pay rises have not been awarded to teachers across the board. The latest pay rise was 3.6 percentmad in the present situation. Thats why,
3、 as well, the long battle over performance-related pay was fought as teacher numbers slid. The idea is that some kind of year zero can eventually be achieved whereby all the bad teachers are gone and only the good teachers remain. That is why the governments attempts to relieve the teacher shortage
4、have been so focused on offering incentives to get a new generation of teachers into training. The assumption is that so many of the teachers we have already are bad, that only by starting again can standards be raised. But the teacher shortage is not caused only because of a lack of new teachers co
5、ming into the profession. It is also because teaching has a retention problem with many leaving the profession. These people have their reasons for doing so, which cannot be purely about wanting irresponsibly to “abandon“ pupils more permanently. Such an exodus suggests that even beyond the hated un
6、ion grandstanding, teachers are not happy. Unions and government appear to be in broad agreement that the shortage of teachers is a parlous state of affairs. Oddly, though, they dont seem entirely to agree that the reasons for this may lie in features of the profession itself and the way it is run.
7、Instead, the government is so suspicious of the idea that teachers may be able to represent themselves, that they have set up the General Teaching Council, a body that will represent teachers whether they want it to or not, and to which they have to pay 25 a year whether they want to or not. The att
8、itudes of both sides promise to exacerbate rather than solve the problem. Teachers are certainly exacerbating the problem by stressing just how bad things are. Quite a few potential teachers must be put off. And while the government has made quite a success of convincing the public that bad educatio
9、n is almost exclusively linked to bad teachers represented by destructive unions, it also seems appalling that in a survey last year, working hours for primary teachers averaged 53 hours per week, while secondary teachers clocked up 51 hours. At their spring conferences, the four major teaching unio
10、ns intend to ballot their members on demanding from government an independent inquiry into working conditions. This follows the McCrone report in Scotland, which produced an agreement to limit hours to 35 per week, with a maximum class contact-time of 22 and a half hours. That sounds most attractive
11、.（分数：10.00）(1).It is implied in the first paragraph that a 3.6 percent pay rise is_.（分数：2.00）A.not easy to come byB.too big even for good teachersC.too small to be attractiveD.too big for bad teachers and too small for good ones(2).The government makes attractive policies to pull a new generation of
12、 teachers into training because it（分数：2.00）A.is more concerned about future shortage of qualified teachersB.is disappointed with the present teaching systemC.believes the teacher shortage is caused by the reluctance of new teachers into teachingD.doubts that the skill of the present generation of te
13、achers will improve even with expensive retraining(3).While admitting the present teacher shortage is a tough problem, the government_.（分数：2.00）A.has made no attempt towards its solutionB.fails to identify the real cause for the problemC.attributes it to lack of responsibility on the parts of teache
14、rsD.imposes stricter administrative regulations upon teachers(4).An important reason why teachers are leaving their posts is probably related to_.（分数：2.00）A.long working hoursB.the persuasion of the unionsC.the conflict between the government and unionsD.the increase in the number of bad teachers(5)
15、.The word “exacerbate“ (Line 1, Para. 5) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.worsenB.tackleC.exaggerateD.identifyLast year the nations best-known business consulting firm ran an international survey to try to determine why certain countrieslike Canada, Finland, Japan, Singapore and South Koreaseem to have th
16、e best schools. The answer came back, somewhat unsurprisingly, that these countries have the best teachers; educators who are respected, rewarded, and held accountable for their performance in the classroom. This may seem obvious, but you would never have guessed watching the Democratic debate in La
17、s Vegas the week before Thanksgiving. All the candidates give lip service to the importance of education to the nations future. And it goes without saying that accountability is the key to performance in any job. Yet when John Roberts of CNN asked the candidates if school boards should be able to re
18、ward teachers or fire them based on performance, all the Democrats headed for the hills, hemming and hawing and obfuscating their answers. Whats going on here? In short, the power of the teachers unions. The National Education Association is a big hitter in the Democratic Party. The NEA is all about
19、 job security, so you wont find Democrats leading crusades to weed out bad teachers. The Republicans dont do much better. They say they are reluctant to meddle in local school governance and instead push for vouchers so kids can go to private or parochial schools. In New York City, Mayor Michael Blo
20、omberg hired Joel Klein, a former Justice Department antitrust chief in the Clinton administration, to run the citys chaotic schools. Klein managed to get a third of the school principals to sign an agreement that would allow them to be terminated for cause. And he got the teachers union to agree to
21、 give up this absurd privilege: in New York, for many years, teachers with seniority could show up at any school they wanted and teach there, shoving aside teachers with less seniority. Klein won the right to stop low-performing senior teachers from exercising this droit du seigneur . Some of them j
22、ust went home rather than teaching wherever they wanted toand were still paid in full. That doesnt sound like an enormous step toward teacher accountability, but it was a struggle for New York to extract even these comparatively modest concessions from the teachers union, and it shows how far there
23、is to go. Teacher accountability is at the heart of true education reform. If only the presidential candidates would even dare to discuss the problem.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the survey,the common feature of the best schools is that they have_.（分数：2.00）A.better financial positionB.first-class teac
24、hing facultiesC.world well-known presidentsD.more excellent foreign students(2).According to the text,what is the essential quality for teachers?（分数：2.00）A.Capability.B.Credibility.C.Punctuality.D.Responsibility.(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3 that_.（分数：2.00）A.the NEA doesnt
25、assess teachers based on their accountabilityB.many kids would rather go to private schools than public schoolsC.the Democratic Party has the right to reward or fire bad teachersD.the Republican Party can intervene in local school administration(4).In the text,the word“droit du seigneur“(Line 6, Par
26、a. 4) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.the privilege to retire earlierB.the right to get a higher salaryC.the right to stop their teachingD.the privilege to teach anywhere(5).We can conclude from Paragraph 4 that the candidates_.（分数：2.00）A.are unwilling to tell the truth directly to the mediaB.hold t
27、he view that education reform is not that necessaryC.dont consider teacher accountability as a serious problemD.believe that keeping out of trouble is the safest way to liveIts not easy to talk about your feelings when youre four weeks old. Thats a shame, because from the moment were born we have a
28、lot to say. If parents knew how to respond, troubled babies might be a lot less likely to grow into troubled kids. For all the progress that science has made in unraveling the secrets of the childs brain, its moms and grandmothers who have always had the right idea. A child with problems, they insis
29、t, makes no secret of it from the start, coming into the world timid, moody, jumpy or worse. Experts often dismiss such claims as nonsense at best, blame ducking at worst, but there may be more to it than that. A growing body of research shows that newborns do tip their emotional hand early on, givi
30、ng parents a chance to take control of behavioral problems and maybe even prevent conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression from fully taking hold. Says Lawrence Diller, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco: “Using parenting techniques tai
31、lored to a childs personality can improve things dramatically for both parents and kids.“ The idea of revealing infant behavior is not new. In the 1950s, husband-and-wife psychiatric team Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas, both now 87, identified nine parameters of temperamentactivity level, attenti
32、on span, adaptability, intensity, distractibility, mood, sensory threshold, response to challenge and predictability of functions such as eating and sleepingthat emerge at about four weeks and indicate a lot about personality. “At one month, behavior starts to be discernible,“ says Chess today. “The
33、se differences define it.“ Half a century ago, that message didnt get through. Chess and Thomas were dismissed as “determinists“a damning label in an era in which babies were seen as blank slates upon which parents could write any personality at all. But practitioners see new wisdom in the old findi
34、ngs. Using their methods as well as newer personality tests, behavioral scientists find that only 60% of babies have easy temperaments from birth. Most of the rest exhibit significant moodiness, defiance or other traits that place them in the so-called difficult category. Without intervention, 80% o
35、f these kidsmostly boyswill act out, becoming oppositional and hyperexcitable, and run a greater risk of developing ADHD. The remaining 20%mostly girlsbecome withdrawn and run a greater risk of developing phobias, depression or compulsions. Clearly, not every baby in the difficult group deteriorates
36、 this way. One key is the parents. To be sure, if a child is apt to a clinical condition such as ADHD, even the most deft parenting wont avert the problem altogetherbut it can improve things.（分数：10.00）(1).As regards the idea a babys mom and grandmother have of the baby, experts show_.（分数：2.00）A.cont
37、emptB.ambiguityC.paradoxD.denial(2).According to the text, we can tell a two-month-old babys character by observing_.（分数：2.00）A.how he reacts to difficultyB.how long he can sleepC.what he wants to eatD.when he focuses his attention(3).The text suggests that Chess and Thomas theory_.（分数：2.00）A.was cr
38、iticized 50 years agoB.was based on rigorous data collectionC.is welcomed by current behavioral scientistsD.is challenged by babies mothers and grandmothers(4).Without preventive parenting, some girls are more likely to have a problem of_.（分数：2.00）A.showing disobedience to their parentsB.compelling
39、themselves to do somethingC.getting into a fever of excitement easilyD.focusing their attention on play(5).The word “deft“(Line 1, Para. 6) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.authenticB.solitaryC.cohesiveD.skillfulThe term “formal learning“ refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom rega
40、rdless of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. “Informal learning“, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom. These definitions provide the essential difference between the two modes of learning. Formal learning i
41、s separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained from practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which can prepare for the challenges of adult life outside the classroom
42、, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges. In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class
43、 children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates. Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the childs ex
44、perience of learning is more direct, involving sight, touch, taste, and smellsenses that are under-utilized in the classroom. Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a childs socialization. Adults or older c
45、hildren who are proficient in the skill or activity providesometimes unintentionallytarget models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and place. The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two mo
46、dels of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult st
47、atus. Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are fixed, it is understandable that modern, highly urbanized societies have concentrated almost exclusively on the establishment of formal education systems. What these societies have failed to
48、 recognise are the ways in which formal learning hinders the childs multi-sensory acquisition of practical skills. The failure to provide a child with a direct education may in part account for many of the social problems which trouble our societies.（分数：10.00）(1).Formal learning and informal learning are mainly distinguished by_.（分数：2.00）A.the place where they take placeB.the kind of knowledge to be obtainedC.the people who learnD.the language used in instruction(2).The language used in classroom instruction explains_.（分数：2.00）A.how learning can take place effi
