1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 37 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Dieting, according to an old joke, may not actually
2、make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restrictionreducing an animal“s energy intake below its energy expenditureextends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such re
3、sults have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet. Amid the hype(intensive publicity), it is easy to
4、forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. This study, known as CALERIE(Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects o
5、f Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America“s National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six mo
6、nths to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight. The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefit
7、s to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy. At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
8、 They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levelsboth phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study“s authors, says that
9、 such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other a
10、nimalsand that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.（分数：10.00）(1).The evidence since the 1930s has inspired people to（分数：2.00）A.live longer and healthier.B.invent a calorie-
11、restricting drug.C.believe in calorie restriction.D.get rid of constant hunger.(2).Which of the following is true about the CALERIE study?（分数：2.00）A.It proves that calorie restriction works in humans.B.It has 24 male subjects and the same number of female ones.C.It is the first investigation into th
12、e effects of calorie restriction.D.It lasted for six months and had the final results published.(3).What makes the CALERIE study a significant one in the field?（分数：2.00）A.It used the subjects of both genders and different ages.B.It selected people of normal weight as the subjects.C.It rectified the
13、misconception of dieting.D.It was systematic in research method and based on evidence.(4).By saying “CALERIE suggests these advantages are real(Line 1, Paragraph 4)“, the author is dealing with the results of the study from a（分数：2.00）A.general view.B.subjective view.C.macro view.D.micro view.(5).It
14、can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the metabolic adaptation solely resulted from weight loss.B.the metabolic adaptation can be achieved by dieting.C.semi-starvation was seen as an effective means for weight loss.D.people had no idea about the metabolic adaptation before CALERIE.R
15、esearchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning. They also hold out the ta
16、ntalizing possibility of fame and fortune should the program ever beat a human champion. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular ga
17、me. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front. There is one game, however, where humans still reign supreme Go. Yet here too their grip is beginning to loosen. Go was invented more than 2,500 years ago in China. It is a strategic contest in which two players take turns to place ston
18、es on the intersections of a grid with 19 lines on each side. Each player tries to stake out territory and surround his opponent. The rules are simple but the play is extraordinarily complex. During a game, some stones will “die“, and some will appear to be dead but spring back to life at an ill-tim
19、ed moment. It is often difficult to say who is winning right until the end. Deep Blue beat Mr. Kasparov using the “brute force“ technique. Rather than search for the best move in a given position, the computer considers all white“s moves, and all black“s possible replies, and all white“s replies to
20、those replies, and so on for, say, a dozen turns. The resulting map of possible moves has millions of branches. The computer combs through the possible outcomes and plays the one move that would give its opponent the fewest chances of winning. Unfortunately, brute force will not work in Go. First, t
21、he game has many more possible positions than chess does. Second, the number of possible moves from a typical position in Go is about 200, compared with about a dozen in chess. Finally, evaluating a Go position is fiendishly difficult. The fastest programs can assess just 50 positions a second, comp
22、ared with 500,000 in chess. In the past two decades researchers have explored several alternative strategies with indifferent results. Now, however, programmers are making impressive gains with a technique known as the Monte Carlo method. Given a position, a program using a Monte Carlo algorithm con
23、templates every move and plays a large number of random games to see what happens. If it wins in 80% of those games, the move is probably good. Otherwise, it keeps looking. The result is a new generation of fast programs that play particularly well on small versions of the Go board.（分数：10.00）(1).Acc
24、ording to Paragraph 1, computer games could（分数：2.00）A.promote the researches of human intelligence.B.help researchers avoid work.C.serve to improve the program designing.D.bring fame and fortune to the human champion.(2).The victory of Deep Blue shows that（分数：2.00）A.the chess game is too simple for
25、computers to play.B.the supercomputer is very good at calculation.C.computers will dominate every front of games.D.humans should prepare for the attack of computers.(3).Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.Go was a strategic contest invented in China long ago
26、.B.Stones of Go could be placed on everywhere of a grid.C.The play of Go is too complex to win.D.People often don“t know who wins a play of Go.(4).The word “fiendishly“(Line 8, Paragraph 4)most probably means（分数：2.00）A.astoundingly.B.unexpectedly.C.oddly.D.extremely.(5).It can be inferred from the t
27、ext that（分数：2.00）A.human beings“ dominant position in Go board starts to shake.B.computer program will randomly choose a step to see what happens.C.Monte Carlo method is much cleverer than other programs.D.computers could become great competitors to human beings.A few years back, many hospitals in A
28、merica were embarrassed by revelations that some of their neediest patients, the uninsured, were being charged the most. These patients were getting slammed with the full list price for health care while those with insurance got negotiated discounts. The outcry prompted congressional hearings and st
29、ate inquiries. All not-for-profit hospitals in Illinois have adopted voluntary guidelines, set by the Illinois Hospital Association, to dole out free or discounted care. But Illinois attorney general Lisa Madigan says that“s not nearly enough. Madigan announced recently that most Illinois hospitals
30、spend less than 1 percent on charitable care. She proposed that hospitals be required by law to spend at least 8 percent of their operating costs on charity: free health care, community clinics. This is a terrible idea. For startersamazing as this may soundMadigan hasn“t calculated how much this law
31、 would cost hospitals. No overall cost, nor the cost to any single hospital in the state. The Illinois Hospital Association says her bill would require 133 hospitals to spend $739 million more a year on charity care. That, the IHA says, would push 45 of those hospitals into the red, and 28 hospitals
32、 that already operate at a loss would be pushed closer to bankruptcy. Madigan disputes those figures. How did Madigan settle on the magic 8 percent? She cites her office“s investigation of hospitals and a task force she convened. But the task force didn“t issue a report and may never do so. She all
33、but acknowledges that her claim that Illinois hospitals provide a miserly 1 percent in charitable care isn“t the whole story. That figure excludes much of what hospitals absorb, including the gap between what they spend on Medicaid patients and what they receive for that care. The IHA argues convinc
34、ingly that mandating a high percentage of revenues to be spent on free care ignores the reality that many hospitals operate in the red. Draining more money would weaken hospitalsand encourage cost-cutting in nursing care, equipment or other essentials. Why are we talking about charitable giving by h
35、ospitals, as opposed to muffler shops, fast-food restaurants or beauty salons? Because most hospitals are tax-exempt by law: They don“t pay any federal, state or local taxes. In return, they“re required to provide services to the needy. But the law doesn“t say exactly how much. So they do have a cha
36、ritable obligation. And some hospitalseven some not-for-profit hospitals have hefty revenues. It“s useful to see how much they“re giving back to their communities. But the hospitals also have an obligation to stay solvent. No one profits when a hospital closes its doors. Madigan“s proposed mandate c
37、arries too much risk.（分数：10.00）(1).Many American hospitals were troubled by the exposure of the fact that（分数：2.00）A.some of their neediest patients were uninsured.B.the patients were interfering with their daily operation.C.the IHA forced them to dole out free or discounted health care.D.the uninsur
38、ed patients had to pay much more than the insured.(2).The IHA cited several figures to indicate that（分数：2.00）A.Madigan“s bill was asking for too much from the hospitals in Illinois.B.the hospitals in Illinois were in bad financial situation.C.the hospitals in Illinois had already done well in charit
39、able care.D.Madigan“s bill was not welcomed by the hospitals in Illinois.(3).When mentioning “She all but acknowledges. isn“t the whole story.“(Lines 2-4, Paragraph 4), the author means that（分数：2.00）A.Illinois hospitals were rather miserly in providing medical care.B.Madigan did not tell the whole s
40、tory about Illinois hospitals.C.Illinois hospitals would have to spend more on free medical service.D.Madigan thought the hospitals spent less than 1 percent on Medicaid patients.(4).IHA objected to Madigan“s proposal based on the argument that（分数：2.00）A.hospitals didn“t make as much profit as Madig
41、an claimed.B.the quality of medical services in hospitals would decline.C.Madigan“s task force didn“t and wouldn“t issue a report.D.many hospitals were operated in a dangerous situation.(5).What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The author supports Madigan“s argument and the 8 perce
42、nt mandate.B.Hospitals are obligatory to spend 1 percent of revenues on charitable service.C.Balance is important between hospitals“ proper daily operation and charitable service.D.Under no circumstances should hospitals not fulfill their charitable obligations.Move over, organic, fair trade and fre
43、e rangethe latest in enlightened edibles is here: food with “embedded“ positive intentions. While the idea isn“t newcultures like the Navajo have been doing it for centuriesfor-profit companies in the U.S. and Canada are catching on, infusing products with good vibes through meditation, prayer and e
44、ven music. Since 2006, California company H20m has sold water infused with wishes for “love,“ “joy“ and “perfect health“ via the words, symbols and colors on the label(which “create a specific vibratory frequency,“ according to co-founder Sandy Fox)and the restorative music played at their bottling
45、warehouse. At Creo Mundi, a Canadian maker of protein powder, employees gather around each shipment and state aloud the benefits they hope to infuse it with for their consumersincreased performance, balance and vitality. Intentional Chocolate, founded in 2007 by chocolatier Jim Walsh, uses a special
46、 recording device to capture the electromagnetic brain waves of meditating Tibetan monks; Walsh then exposes his desserts to the recording for five days per batch. We hear your eyes rolling. But some claim there“s actually something to the idea that humans can alter the physical world with their min
47、ds, and they offer research to prove it. Dean Radin, a senior scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences in Petaluma, Calif., conducted a test in which, he says, subjects who ate Intentional Chocolate improved their mood 67% compared with people who ate regular chocolate. “If the Pope blessed wat
48、er, everyone wants that water. But does it actually do something?“ Radin asks. “The answer is yes, to a small extent.“ James Fallon, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at the University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, is skeptical. “So I take a rutabaga, a round yellow root veg
49、etable with a brown or purple skin, and put it close to my head, and it somehow changes the food and improves the mood of the person who ate it?“ he asks. “Nah.“ Trick or not, in this economy any product that promises a spiritual pick-me-up could be in high demand. Since the recession, says Phil Lempert, editor of health-food site S “everyone is ready to jump off a bridge.“ With the right
