1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 187 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_An alarming one fifth of all Medicare patients disc
2、harged from the hospital end up back in the hospital within 30 days, and fully a third return within 90 days. If this yo-yoing could be greatly reduced, Medicare could save billions of dollars. Many patients would certainly benefit from the better care. High rates of rehospitalization are partly the
3、 fault of the hospitals. The more fundamental problem is the fragmented nature of the American medical system: too often, healthcare providers fail to communicate with one another, patients fall between the cracks and no one seems clearly in charge of a patient“s welfare. A new analysis by three res
4、earchers, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, estimated that unplanned rehospitalizations among fee-for-service beneficiaries cost Medicare $ 17. 4 billion in fiscal year 2004, which is a big chunk of the $ 102. 6 billion that Medicare paid hospitals that year. Most patients were readm
5、itted for problems other than those that led to their original hospitalizations. Surgical patients, for example, were typically readmitted for such medical conditions as pneumonia, heart failure or bacterial infections. Some of these readmissions may have been unavoidable in an elderly, sick populat
6、ion. But many could surely have been prevented through better planning and coordination. The most disturbing finding was that half of the medical(nonsurgical)patients readmitted within 30 days had not seen a physician for follow-up care after they were discharged. They were apparently left on their
7、own, perhaps with poorly understood instructions from the hospital on how to take care of themselves. There was also wide variation in readmission rates between hospitals and between states: only 13 percent of patients were readmitted within 30 days in Idaho, compared with 22 percent in Maryland. Th
8、at suggests that there is plenty of room for improvement. The rates were adjusted to compensate for the severity of patients“ illnesses, so hospitals and states with high readmission rates can“t easily blame caring for sicker patients. Proposed solutions include better discharge planning by hospital
9、s, more effective education of patients and closer cooperation between hospitals and physicians to ensure follow-up care. The Obama administration, as part of its ambitious health care reform, has proposed that Medicare use incentives and penalties to encourage hospitals and doctors to cooperate in
10、overseeing care from hospitalization through the first 30 days after discharge. The administration estimates the approach could save $ 26 billion over 10 years. It is a sound idea that should also improve the lives of patients.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “this yo-yoing“ in the 1st paragraph refers to_.
11、（分数：2.00）A.the percentage of Medicare patients in hospitalsB.the huge cost of Medicare for patients in hospitalsC.the better care Medicare patients will benefit fromD.high rates of readmission of patients into hospitals(2).The rates of rehospitalization are high mostly because of _.（分数：2.00）A.the ne
12、gligence of duty of health-care providersB.the imperfection of the American medical systemC.the invisible crack.s between hospitals and patientsD.the lack of communication among Medicare patients(3).According to the new analysis. Medicare_.（分数：2.00）A.has to pay for the medical cost of elderly, sick
13、populationB.remains roughly unchanged for medical patients since 2004C.pays a huge amount of money each year for rehospitalizationD.fails to give due care to the patients discharged from hospitals(4).The readmissions of patients into hospitals usually result from_.（分数：2.00）A.the lack of follow-up ca
14、re after they were discharged from hospitalsB.the same problems as those leading to their original hospitalizationsC.their failure to comprehend the health-care instructions hospitals providerD.such unavoidable medical conditions as pneumonia, or bacterial infections(5).To lower the rates of rehospi
15、talization, the Obama administration suggests_.（分数：2.00）A.a new approach for Medicare to save more moneyB.the use of various means to improve follow-up careC.a sound idea to greatly improve the lives of patientsD.more effective education of both doctors and patientsDepression manifests itself in dif
16、ferent forms. Some feel sad, others become agitated and aggressive. While some lose their appetite, others hinge eat. Some may have disturbed sleep and others may find it hard to stay awake. Social withdrawal, diminished sex drive, suicidal tendencies and lack of concentration are some other tell-ta
17、le symptoms of depression. “No two patients have identical symptoms,“ says Dr. Vihang Wahia, a practising psychiatrist in Mumbai. Of course, all human beings have variations in their moods. Scientists describe mood as an amalgam of emotions such as anxiety, anger, pride, love, pain or joy that a per
18、son feels over a period of time. The emotions of feeding sad, unhappy or disappointed are part of a human being“s normal existence. Such emotions are often associated with failure in academics, break-up of a relationship, setbacks in a financial investment or the death of B loved one. However, depre
19、ssion as a disease sets in when a person fails to bounce back from a personal setback like this. “Diagnosing depression early is very important,“ says Dr. Wahia. In most mild cases of depression. patients can be brought back to normality just by good counselling. “Clearing some cobwebs of life is al
20、l that required,“ he observes. But it“s different in the case of those who suffer from moderate to severe depression. Certain changes occur in their brains and, in addition to counselling, they require medication to help re-wire the brain. It is estimated that 5-10 percent of the Indian population s
21、uffers from depression at any given time. And women seem to be more prone to the disease than men. The risk of developing depression is 10-20 percent in women and slightly less in men. What “ s more, the male to female ratio for developing depression is between 1 : 2 and 1 : 3, says Dr Dhanesh K. Gu
22、pta, associate professor. This is because women undergo frequent hormonal changes in the reproductively active years of their life. In India one of the major problems in treating the growing incidence of depression is the fact that it is often not diagnosed at all. Either the doctor fails to see its
23、 severity in a patient or patients simply don“t come out and report their condition. Of course, more patients come forward with the problem now than earlier, when it used to be viewed as a social stigma. But even so, many cases are not reported early enough. As Dr. Rajesh Sagar, associate professor
24、of psychiatry, says, “Depression is grossly underdiagnosed and under-treated in India. “（分数：10.00）(1).The underlined word “amalgam“ in the third paragraph most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.an amount of somethingB.a mixture of different thingsC.a difficult or unpleasant situationD.the way you feel at a
25、 particular time(2).If a person _, he may develop a severe depression.（分数：2.00）A.fails to recover from a serious setbackB.feels sad, unhappy or disappointedC.goes broke and is down and outD.suffers the death of a loved one(3).In moderate or severe cases of depression, patients can be cured by（分数：2.0
26、0）A.psychotherapyB.early diagnosisC.good counsellingD.appropriate medication(4).The higher risk of developing depression in women is clue to _,（分数：2.00）A.the influence of their hormonal changesB.the gender-based proclivities of womenC.the long reproductive period of their lifeD.their fragile health
27、and weak constitution(5).The chief difficulty in treating depression is that（分数：2.00）A.patients are ill informed about itB.it is thought of as a social stigmaC.there is a lack of timely diagnosisD.people are not aware of its severityThe field of animal emotions, an area of focus in the scientific di
28、scipline concerned with the study of animal minds called cognitive ethology, has changed a great deal in the last 30 years. When 1 first began my studies centering on the question, “What does it feel like to be a dog or a wolf?“ researchers were almost all skeptics who spent their time wondering if
29、dogs, cats, chimpanzees and other animals felt anything. Since feelings don“t fit under a microscope, these scientists usually didn“t find any and as I like to say, I“m glad 1 wasn“t their dog! But today the question of real importance is not whether animals have emotions, hut why animal emotions ha
30、ve evolved the way they have. In fact, the paradigm has shifted to such an extent that the burden of “proof“ now falls to those who still argue that animals don“t experience emotions. My colleagues and I no longer have to put tentative quotes around such words as “happy“ or “sad“ when we write about
31、 an animal“s inner life. Many researchers also recognize that we must be anthropomorphic(attribute human trails to animals)when we discuss animal emotions hut that if we do it carefully and biocentrically(from the animals“ point of view), we can still give due consideration to the animals“ position.
32、 “ As Professor Robert Sapolsky, a world renowned ethologist and neuroscientist and author of A Primate“s Memoirs notes about his anthropomorphic tendencies when he describes baboon behavior: “One hopes that the parts that are blatantly ridiculous will be perceived as such. I“ve nonetheless been stu
33、nned by some of my more humorless colleaguesto see that they were not capable of recognizing that. The broader answer, though, is I“m not anthropomorphizing. Part of the challenge in understanding the behavior of a species is that they look like us for a reason. That“ s not projecting human value“s.
34、 That “ s primatizing the generalities that we share with them. “ No matter what we call it, researchers agree that animals and humans share many traits, including emotions. Thus, we“re not inserting something human into animals, but we“re identifying commonalities and then using human language to c
35、ommunicate what we observe. Being anthropomorphic is doing what“s natural and necessary to understand animal emotions. Over the years, I“ve noticed a curious phenomenon that I call anthropomorphic double-talk. If someone says that an animal is happy, no one questions it, but if someone says that an
36、animal is unhappy, then charges of anthropomorphism are immediately raised and sceptics ask, “How do you know this?“ This is especially true of people who try to justify keeping animals in zoos or using them for invasive research. Of course, seeing positive emotions is as anthropomorphic as seeing n
37、egative emotions, but some people just don“t get it.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying “I“m glad I wasn“t their dog“, the author means that _.（分数：2.00）A.those scientists know little about the feelings of animalsB.feelings can scarcely be studied with a microscopeC.few scientists know what it feels like to be a
38、 dogD.animals are often mistreated by scientists(2).In the first paragraph, “the paradigm has shifted to such an extent“ means that _,（分数：2.00）A.some people still argue that animals don“t have emotionsB.most researchers today know little about animal emotionsC.few researchers fail to recognize that
39、animals have emotionsD.cognitive ethnology has been developed rapidly in the last 30 years(3).The author feels less unrestrained when talking about animal emotions because _.（分数：2.00）A.most animals have emotions as strong as human beings doB.most colleagues are on his side when talking about animals
40、C.animals usually have mixed, and even conflicting emotionsD.the view of animal emotions has become much more popular(4).According to Professor Robert Sapolsky,_.（分数：2.00）A.no human traits cannot be attributed to animalsB.animals and humans have commonalities, such as emotionsC.animal emotions shoul
41、d be discussed from their point of viewD.the study of animal behavior has nothing to do with human values(5).Some people are reluctant to hear “an animal is unhappy“ for the reason that_.（分数：2.00）A.they usually prefer positive emotions to negative onesB.the emotions animals have are usually happy ra
42、ther than sadC.animals experience more happy emotions than unhappy onesD.they refuse to stop using animals for the benefit of their ownIt takes a whole galaxy of things to make you happy. Happiness is a state you feel when you have no problems, worries, doubts or other negative things affecting your
43、 life. You do not need to receive great news, excitement or wealth: it comes from enjoying life whatever it brings. Someone who has mastered the art of happiness will enjoy sitting with a cup of coffee and a cheese sandwich. The person who has mastered being sad will always want more and dream of mo
44、re but never achieve it. A person who has won a fortune on the lottery might be happy, but if they then begin to worry about the best way of looking after that money, whether or not to invest all of it or most of it, where to invest it or how to get rid of the many people who pester them for hand ou
45、ts, their happiness might be short lived. Another person might be happy because they enjoy their job, have some great friends and a wonderful partner and no debts. In a way the more we want and the more we think we are entitled to, the less likely we are to be happy. If we can accept that we will ha
46、ve bad days as well as good days, and that nobody“ s life runs smoothly, then we have the key to happiness. If we are proactive about defining our goals and making them happen we are more likely to be happy. Contrary to popular belief happiness is not about being rich, young, good looking, fit and h
47、ealthy. There are people who are blind, very poor and have lots of problems, yet they are happy because they make the most of their lives, concentrate on the good things and do what they can about the bad. Instead of worrying about all sorts of things that might never happen or dwelling on the negat
48、ives in their life, they are grateful for anything good and nice that comes their way. Happiness is about being proud of who you are, respecting yourself, respecting your background, your persona and all that goes with it. Not how much money you have or how hard you work. Many convince themselves th
49、at they will be happy next year or when they retire and have a lot more time. But then when the year is up or they retire they are still not happy. That is because they do not see the good in things.（分数：10.00）(1).The author thinks that a happy person（分数：2.00）A.has no problems to worry aboutB.has a lot of good things to enjoyC.is satisfied with everything
