1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 185 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Like the flu, a person“s emotional state can be con
2、tagious. Watch someone cry, and you“ll likely feel sad; think about the elderly, and you“ll tend to walk slower. Now a study suggests that we can also catch someone else“s irrational thought processes. Anyone who“s lost money on a house in need of repair may have suc-cumbed to a classic economic fal
3、lacy known as “sunk costs.“ You make a bad investment in a home that“s never going to sell for more than you put in to it, yet you want to justify your investment by continuing to throw money into renovations. One way to avoid this hole is to get advice from someone who has no self-interest in the p
4、roject. But is the outsider still somehow susceptible to your mindset? To find out, social psychologist Adam Galinsky of Northwestern University and colleagues asked college students to take over decision-making for a person they had never metand who they didn“t know was fake. The volunteers were sp
5、lit into two groups: one that felt some connection with the decisionmaker and another that didn“t. In one experiment, the volunteers watched the following scenario play out via text on a computer screen: the fake decision-maker tried to outbid another person for a prize of 356 points, which equaled
6、$4.45 in real money. The decision-maker started out with 360 points, and every time the other bidder raised the stakes by 40 points, the decision-maker followed suit. Volunteers were told that once the decision-maker bid over 356 points, he or she would begin to lose some of the $12 payment for part
7、icipating in the study. When the decision-maker neared this threshold, the volunteers were asked to take over bidding. Objectively, the volunteers should have realized thatlike the person who makes a bad investment in a housethe decision-maker would keep throwing good money after bad. But the volunt
8、eers who felt identification with the fake player made almost 60% more bids and were more likely to lose money than those who didn“t feel a connection. Galinsky believes that the results suggest that companies trying to reverse results of bad decisions should find true outsiders. He points to troubl
9、ed automaker Ford as an example. Instead of hiring from withinas General Motors (GM) recently didFord made Alan Mulally from Boeing, an aerospace company, their chief executive officer. Many experts believe that Ford is now recovering quicker than GM. “It“s true that insiders have more knowledge,“ G
10、alinsky says. “But when you are already down the road of a failed course of action, you really need. a true outsider.“（分数：10.00）(1).According to a study, another person“s irrational mindset is characterized as_.（分数：2.00）A.emotionalB.infectiousC.justifiableD.susceptible(2).It“s indicated in Paragraph
11、 2 that a person who has made a bad investment is prone to_.（分数：2.00）A.calculate the costs and profits before making a further stepB.persuade others to believe that he has made a wise decisionC.persist in putting more money into the projectD.consult with some investment experts for advice(3).Which o
12、f the following is true of the experiment conducted by Galinsky?（分数：2.00）A.The participating students turn out susceptible to the mindset of the decision-maker.B.The students were supposed to outbid another person for a prize of 356 points.C.The volunteers each were paid 12 dollars for participating
13、 in the experiment.D.The volunteers actually lost all their payment because they made worse investment.(4).Galinsky“s experiment has found that _.（分数：2.00）A.there is no true outsider because they may catch irrational thought processesB.most investors generally tend to throw good money after bad inve
14、stmentC.people will become irrational after they have lost money in investmentD.some outsiders may still catch the irrational mindset of the decision-makers(5).In the last paragraph, Galinsky suggests that _.（分数：2.00）A.a company should seek help from outsider to reverse the downfallB.Ford out-perfor
15、med General Motors in times of troubleC.outsiders are better decision-makers than insiders to get a recoveryD.a company should use a true outsider to avoid sunk costsYou are what you eat, or so the saying goes. But Richard Wrangham, of Harvard University, believes that this is true in a more profoun
16、d sense than the one implied by the old proverb. It is not just you who are what you eat, but the entire human species. And with Homo sapiens, what makes the species unique in Dr. Wrangham“s opinion is that its food is so often cooked. Cooking is a human universal. No society is without it. No one o
17、ther than a few faddists tries to survive on raw food alone. And the consumption of a cooked meal in the evening, usually in the company of family and friends, is normal in every known society. Moreover, without cooking, the human brain (which consumes 20-25% of the body“s energy) could not keep run
18、ning. Dr. Wrangham thus believes that cooking and humanity have developed alongside. In fact, as he outlined to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), in Chicago, he thinks that cooking and other forms of preparing food are humanity“s “killer application“: the evolutionary c
19、hange that underpins all of the otherand subsequentchanges that have made people such unusual animals. Humans became human, as it were, with the emergence 1.8 million years ago of a species called Homo erectus. This had a skeleton much like modern man“sa big, brain-filled skull and a narrow pelvis a
20、nd rib cage, which imply a small abdomen and thus a small gut. Hitherto, the explanation for this shift from the smaller skulls and wider pelvises of man“s apelike ancestors has been a shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one. Meat has more calories than plant matter, the theory went. A
21、.smaller gut could therefore support a larger brain. Dr. Wrangham disagrees. When you do the sums, he argues, raw meat is still insufficient to bridge the gap. He points out that even modern “raw foodists“, members of a town-dwelling, back-to-nature social movement, struggle to maintain their weight
22、and they have access to animals and plants that have been bred for the table. Pre-agricultural man confined to raw food would have starved.Start cooking, however, and things change radically. Cooking alters food in three important ways. It breaks starch molecules into more digestible fragments. It “
23、denatures“ protein molecules, so that their amino-acid chains unfold and digestive enzymes can attack them more easily. And heat physically softens food. That makes it easier to digest, so even though the stuff is no more calorific, the body uses fewer calories dealing with it.（分数：10.00）(1).It can b
24、e inferred from the first paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.what you eat exerts little impact on who you areB.the food makes Homo sapiens different from othersC.Homo sapiens often cooked its foodD.Homo sapiens cook food in a unique way(2).Dr. Wrangham holds the view that _.（分数：2.00）A.cooking is a human uni
25、versal without exceptionB.the human brain could not work without foodC.eating cooked meat should be accompanied by familyD.humanity is a precondition for development of cooking(3).It is stated that humans had changed from their apelike ancestors to Homo erectus probably because（分数：2.00）A.they could
26、support a larger brain with smaller gutB.they had a narrow pelvis and rib cageC.they began to eat meatD.they took cooked meat as the staple of diet(4).Dr. Wrangham quotes the example of “raw foodists“ to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.raw foodists face problems to maintain weightB.raw foodists also consume
27、meat and vegetablesC.raw meat is not enough to narrow the gapD.raw meat is harmful to modern “raw foodists“(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.The Evolution of Human BeingsB.The Evolutionary Role of CookeryC.The Great Importance of CookeryD.The Significance of
28、Meat-based DietA study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day. Most of them are not grave; fainting, dizziness and hyperventilation are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of themroughly fou
29、r a dayare serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the seriousemergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%), and difficult breathing (6%). Let“s face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitude
30、s are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart disease may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can
31、also cause the air in body cavities to expandas much as 30%. Again, most people won“t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping. But if you“ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical de-vice has been implanted in your bodya splint, a tracheotomy tube or a catheterit cou
32、ld expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosisthe so-called economy-class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends to clot. Most people just get sore calves. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs,
33、causing breathing difficulties and even death. Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing; walk and stretch your legs when possible. Whatever you do, don“t panic. Things are looking up on the in-flight-emergency front. Doctors who come to passengers“ aid used to worry about getting su
34、ed; their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan“ protection. And thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillators to treat heart attacks.Ar
35、e you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly? If you can walk 150 ft or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded, you“ll probably do just fine. Having a doctor close by doesn“t hurt, either.（分数：10.00）(1).Heart disease takes up about _ of the in-flight medical emergencies on US fligh
36、ts.（分数：2.00）A.13%B.46%C.18%D.6%(2).According to Paragraph 2, the expansion of air in body cavities can result in_.（分数：2.00）A.heart attackB.chest painC.stomach crampingD.difficult breathing(3).We can learn from Paragraph 3 that deep venous thrombosis usually happens because _.（分数：2.00）A.the economy c
37、lass is not spacious enoughB.there are too many economy-class passengersC.passengers are not allowed to walk during the flightD.the low pressure in the cabin prevents blood flowing smoothly(4).According to the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act, doctors who came to passengers“ aid _.（分数：2.00）A.do
38、not have to be worried even if they give the patients improper treatmentB.will not be submitted to legal responsibility even if the patients didn“t recoverC.are assisted by advanced emergency medical kitsD.will be greatly respected by the patient and the crew(5).The phrase “getting winded“ (Para. 5)
39、 is closest in meaning to “_“.（分数：2.00）A.falling overB.being out of breathC.spraining the ankleD.moving in a curving lineA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it“s not much funand it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don“t
40、 start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse“s liver genes can be made to behave as they did whenthe mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won“t
41、 reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. Spindler“s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month w
42、hen they were 34 months oldequivalent to about 70 human years. The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical productionprobably bad ne
43、ws for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 percent of these gene changes. “This is the first indication that
44、 these effects kick in pretty quickly,“ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D.C. No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There“s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,“ he says. I
45、f it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective. But Spindler isn“t sure the trade-of
46、f is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they“re hungry,“ he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it“s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: “I can only eat half of that“.“ Spindler hopes we soon won“t need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is
47、 looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B.If we go on a diet when old, we may not keep healthy.C.Dieting is necessary if you want to live
48、a long life.D.We might have to begin dieting from an early age.(2).An elderly mouse is mentioned to _.（分数：2.00）A.describe the influence of old age on miceB.illustrate the effect of a meager diet on miceC.tell us how mice“s liver genes behaveD.inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs(3).What ca
49、n be inferred about completely normally fed mice from the text?（分数：2.00）A.They will not experience free radical production.B.They will experience more genetic changes in their lifetime.C.They have more liver genes to behave like young genes.D.They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.(4).In the experiment, the most interesting finding the rese
