1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 180 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivor
2、y tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. But there are. at least, some well-formed hypotheses.【F1】 What these hypotheses have in common is that they rely not on Spencer“s idea of individual competition, but on social interaction. That interaction is. indeed, sometimes
3、confrontational and occasionally bloody. But it is frequently collaborative, and even when it is not. it is more often manipulative than violent. Modern Darwinism“s big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution. People who are related collaborate on the basi
4、s of nepotism.【F2】 It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with whom they share a lot of genes. Trust, though. allows the unrelated to collaborate, by keeping score of who docs what when, and punishing cheats. Very few animals can manage this. Indeed, outside the
5、primates, only vampire bats have been shown to trust non relatives routinely.【F3】 (Well-fed bats will give some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours, but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past.) 【F4】 The huma
6、n mind, however, seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals and to keep score of its relations with them, delecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance, even at some cost to itself. This process may even beas Matt Ridley, who wrote for this newsp
7、aper a century and a half after Spencer, described itthe origin of virtue. The new social Darwinists(those who see society itself, rather than the savannah or the jungle, as the “natural“ environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds)have not abandoned Spencer alt
8、ogether, of course. But they have put a new spin on him. The ranking by wealth of which Spencer so approved is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other. And that competition, whether athletic, artistic or financial, does seem to be about genetic display.【F5】 Unfakea
9、ble demonstrations of a superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component arc almost unfailingly attractive to the opposite sex. Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work, collaboration and competition, seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin “ s penetrating gaze.（分数：10.
10、00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 Ever since the mid-1980s, when OPEC“s attempts to keep the oil price high collapsed in the face of rising supply, only war has been potent enough to lift the price hack to the levels of the 1970s. The d
11、ifference today from the last era of high prices, says Tom Collina, of 20/20 Vision, an environmentalist group, is that “oil producers are pumping as fast as they can, but cannot keep pace with demand“. The robust economic growth of America, coupled with industrial revolutions in China and India, ha
12、s helped to ensure a very different market for energy.【F2】 The world got used to relying on spare capacity of a few million b/d in Saudi Arabia that could always cap price spikes in an emergency(it did just that in the first Gulf war and again during an oil-workers“ strike in Venezuela in 2003). Hut
13、 demand has steadily eaten away reserves and investment has failed to keep up. In the tight markets for energy since 2004, some identified a “fear premium“ of $ 10-15 a barrel reflecting the threat of lost supply. Even slower demand growth in 2005 did little to lower prices. 【F3】 The tightness of ca
14、pacity extends into refining and gas supply, leaving consumers vulnerable to any external shockssuch as the two hurricanes, Katrina and Rita, which hit the Gulf of Mexico in the autumn. The hurricanes put a dozen oil refineries accounting for 16% of U. S. capacity temporarily out of action. American
15、 refining fell to its lowest level since March 1987, according to Petroleum Economist. The price of petrol rose above $ 3 a gallona level shockingly high to Americans, cheap as it might seem to Japanese or Europeans. Democrats accused the oil companies of price gouging, while Republicans argued for
16、an easing of environmental laws restricting oil drilling and refinery building. All this makes it a producers“ world, which no one has exploited as gleefully as Hugo Chavez. Venezuela“s president has always believed in oil as a tool of geopolitics, to be used against American “imperialism“. In 2004
17、he unilaterally raised the royalties on super-heavy crude production in the Orinoco belt from 1% to 16. 6%and may yet increase it to 30%. In 2005 he increased the tax rate paid by the foreign oil companies from 34% to 50% , and then hit them with huge bills for unpaid “back taxes“.【F4】 The latest of
18、 his measures was to insist on the 22 foreign companies operating service contracts to switch, by December 31st 2005, to joint-ventures, in which the government would hold the lion“s share. All but Exxon Mobil eventually did so. Strangely, perhaps, consumers can learn a comforting lesson from all th
19、is. For all his mischief-making, even a populist like Mr. Chavez has never looked like cutting supplies to what Venezuela calls its “fundamental market“ in America. America would notice a cut in Venezuelan supplies, which normally account for about 12-13% of its imports. Rut it could always buy oil
20、on the world market. Venezuela would be worse hit.【F5】 It would be hard-pressed to find other markets for about half of its production, especially since most of its crude is high in sulphur and unsuitable for most refineries.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数
21、：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_At the moment, mobile TV is mostly streamed over 3G networks. But sending an individual data stream to each viewer is inefficient and will be unsustainable in the long run if mobile TV takes off.【F1】 So the general consensus is that 3G streaming is a prelude to the construct
22、ion of dedicated mobile-TV broadcast networks, which transmit digital TV signals on entirely different frequencies to those used for voice and data. There are three main standards: DVB-H, favoured in Europe; DMB. which has been adopted in South Korea and Japan; and MediaFLO, which is being rolled ou
23、t in America. Watching TV using any of these technologies requires a TV capable handset, of course. Although several new models were unveiled in has Vegas this week, no such handsels are yet available in Europe or America, and few in Asia. In contrast, watching downloaded TV programmes on an iPod or
24、 other portable video player is already possible today.【F2】 And unlike a programme streamed over 3G or broadcast via a dedicated mobile-TV network, shows stored on an iPod can be watched on an underground train or in regions with patchy network coverage. That suggests that some shows(such as drama)b
25、etter suit the download model, while others(such as live news, sports or reality shows)are better suited to real-time transmission, notes Michelle de Lussanet of Forrester, a consultancy. The two approaches will probably co-exist. Future iPods may be able to receive real-time broadcasts, while mobil
26、e handsets will be able to store broadcast content or download it from PCs or PVRs for later viewing. Just as there are several competing mobile-TV technologies, there are also many possible business models.【F3】 Mobile operators might choose to build their own mobile-TV broadcast networks; or they c
27、ould form a consortium and build a shared network; or existing broadcasters could build such networks. Some channels will be given away for free, while others are for paying subscribers only. The outcome will vary from country to country, depending on the regulatory environment and the availability
28、of spectrum. The big question is whether the broadcasters and mobile operators can agree how to divide the spoils, assuming there are any.【F4】 Broadcasters own the content, but mobile operators generally control the handsets, and they do not always see eye to eye. 【F5】 In South Korea, a consortium o
29、f broadcasters launched a free-to-air DMB network last month, but the country“s mobile operators were reluctant to provide their users with handsets able to receive the broadcasts, since they were unwilling to undermine the prospects for their own subscription-based mobile-TV services.（分数：10.00）(1).
30、【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Science, being a human activity, is not immune to fashion.【F1】 For example, one of the first mathematicians to study the subject of probability theory was an English clergyman called Thomas Bayes, who was born in 1
31、702 and died in 1761. His ideas about the prediction of future events from one or two examples were popular for a while, and have never been fundamentally challenged.【F2】 But they were eventually overwhelmed by those of the “frequentist“ school, which developed the methods based on sampling from a l
32、arge population that now dominate the field and are used to predict things as diverse as the outcomes of elections and preferences for chocolate bars. Recently, however, Bayes“s ideas have made a comeback among computer scientists trying to design software with human like intelligence. Bayesian reas
33、oning now lies at the heart of leading internet search engines and automated “help wizards“. That has prompted some psychologists to ask if the human brain itself might be a Bayesian-reasoning machine.【F3】 They suggest that the Bayesian capacity to draw strong inferences from sparse data could be cr
34、ucial to the way the mind perceives the world, plans actions, comprehends and learns language, reasons from correlation to causation, and even understands the goals and beliefs of other minds. 【F4】 These researchers have conducted laboratory experiments that convince them they are on the right track
35、, but only recently have they begun to look at whether the brain copes with everyday judgments in the real world in a Bayesian manner. In research to be published later this year in Psychological Science , Thomas Griffiths of Brown University in Rhode Island and Joshua Tenenbaum of the Massachusetts
36、 Institute of Technology put the idea of a Bayesian brain to a quotidian test. They found that it passes with flying colours. The key to successful Bayesian reasoning is not in having an extensive, unbiased sample, which is the eternal worry of frequentists, but rather in having an appropriate “prio
37、r“, as it is known to the cognoscenti.【F5】 This prior is an assumption about the way the world worksin essence, a hypothesis about realitythat can be expressed as a mathematical probability distribution of the frequency with which events of a particular magnitude happen.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(
38、2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_The field of development economics is concerned with the causes of underdevelopment and with policies that may accelerate the rate of growth of per capita income.【F1】 While these two concerns are related to each other, it is poss
39、ible to devise policies that are likely to accelerate growth without fully understanding the causes of underdevelopment. Studies of both the causes of underdevelopment and of policies and actions that may accelerate development are undertaken for a variety of reasons.【F2】 There are those who are con
40、cerned with the developing countries on humanitarian grounds; that is, with the problem of helping the people of these countries to attain certain minimum material standards of living in terms of such factors as food, clothing, shelter, and nutrition. For them, low per capita income is the measure o
41、f the problem of poverty in a material sense. The aim of economic development is to improve the material standards of living by raising the absolute level of per capita incomes. Raising per capita incomes is also a staled objective of policy of the governments of all developing countries. For policy
42、makers and economists attempting to achieve their governments “ objectives, therefore, an understanding of economic development, especially in its policy dimensions, is important.【F3】 Finally, there are those who are concerned with economic development either because they believe it is what people i
43、n developing countries want or because they believe that political stability can be assured only with satisfactory rates of economic growth. These motives are not mutually exclusive. Those who are concerned with political stability tend to see the low per capita incomes of the developing countries in relative terms; that is, in relation to the high per capita incomes of the developed countries.【F4】 For them, even if a developing co
