1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 178 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part B（分数：10.00）_You are going to read a text about the goals related to NRC“s priorities, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each
2、 numbered subheading (1-5). There is only one extra example which you do not need to use. The planets seemed like pretty small places. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air.
3、No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own right, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspectiv
4、e. National Research Council (NRC) panels periodically ask whether the world“s planetary exploration programs are on track. The list of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 【C1】Monitor Earth“s Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on t
5、he fritz for years, and the U. S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop productivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 【C2】Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always see
6、ms to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency (ESA) has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would take 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 【C3】Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists t
7、hought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth“s sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes revealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 【C4】Expl
8、ain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: “Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between tho
9、se planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system.“ 【C5】Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across could carry a 500-kilogram spacecraft. After launch from Earth, it would first swoop toward the sun, going as it daredjust inside Mercury“s orbitto get flung out by t
10、he intense sunlight. “Such a mission, be it ESA-or NASA-led, is the next logical step in our exploration of space,“ Wim mer-Schweingruber says. “After all, there is more to space than exploring our very, very local neighborhood.“ The estimated price tag is about $2 billion including three decades“ o
11、perating expenses.A Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process. Jupiter was the first-born. Did it build up slowly, like the other planets? Did it form farther from the sun and move inward?B Like a windsurfer, the spacecraft would steer by leaning to one sid
12、e or the other. Just before passing Jupiter“s orbit, it would cast off the sail and glide outward. To get ready, engineers need to design a sufficiently lightweight sail and test it on first.C So NRC prepares to take some action plans. Extend asteroid search to smaller bodies, perhaps using a dedica
13、ted infrared space telescope. Deflect an asteroid in a controlled way as a trial run. Develop an official system for evaluating potential threats.D The NRC panel called for restoring the lost funding, which pay for 17 new missions over the coming decade, such as ones to keep tabs on ice sheets and c
14、arbon dioxide levelsessential for predicting climate change and its effects. People sometimes take the mundane yet urgent task of looking after our own planet for granted.E Mars is looking hopeful again. Outer-planet moons, notably Europa and Enceladus, appear to have vast underground seas and plent
15、y of life“s raw materials. Even Venus might have been covered in oceans once. The research is not just about finding companionship in the cosmos. It is about divining our own origins.F This past spring ESA completed a set of feasibility studiesand promptly shelved them for lack of money. It would ta
16、ke a joint effort with NASA or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), or both, to make the plan happen.（分数：10.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_You are going to read a list of headings and a text about w
17、hat parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (1-5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.A Set a G
18、ood Example for Your KidsB Build Your Kids“ Work SkillsC Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG Build Your Kids“ Sense of Responsibility Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure
19、 a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job“s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult“s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my bo
20、ok Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life uneasiness“. 1 You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating we
21、ll or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best. 2 Kids need a range of authentic role modelsas opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions a
22、bout people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.“ They can change their minds 200
23、 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good. 3 Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take
24、 a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities. 4 Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process info
25、rmation in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make
26、 it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs. 5 They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussi
27、ons at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more deli
28、cate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all,
29、 these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (1-5). Ther
30、e are two extra subheadings.A Create a new image of yourselfB Have confidence in yourselfC Decide if the time is rightD Understand the contextE Work with professionalsF Make it efficientG Know your goals No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impac
31、t. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look. The difference between today“ s workplace and the “dress for success“ era i
32、s that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like Linkedln. Chances are, your headshots are seen much
33、 more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what“ s the best way to pull
34、off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 1 As an executive coach, I“ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitionswhen looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you“re in a period of change or just feeling stuck a
35、nd in a rut, now may be a good time. If you“re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there“ s no need for an upgrade and that“ s OK. 2 Get clear on what impact you“re hoping to have. Are you looking to
36、 refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoH
37、o.“ (It“s OK to use characterizations like that.) 3 Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the
38、 cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact. 4 Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photo
39、grapher instead of your spouse or friend. It“ s not as expensive as you might think. 5 The point of a style upgrade isn“t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to opt
40、ions. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_You are going to read a list of headings and a text about how to wear appropriate clothing. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits th
41、e meaning of each numbered part of the text (1-5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.A Analyzing your own taste.B Being cautious when experimenting.C Finding a model to follow.D Getting the final look absolutely right
42、.E Learning to be realistic.F Making regular conscious choices.G How to judge people. When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it“s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we
43、 look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it“s what“s inside that“s important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate cloth
44、ing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 1 For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they“ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest w
45、ith yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faultswe all have good points and bad pointsbut think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 2 When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you “re likely to meet, when you“re going to be spending most of you
46、r time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there“s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else“s idea
47、of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 3 But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lotmost people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the t
48、ime. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don“t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 4 Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appear
