1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 171 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_Somebody might say that anxiety is a small price to pa
2、y for maximizing individual liberty.【F1】 Freedom from nature is bound to have its unpleasant side effects, but surely it is still much better than submitting to the brutish, undignified fate nature has in store for each of us. 【F2】 Yet it is also true that our inability to find a standard of persona
3、l dignity or significance to trump productivity might be the foundation for a new birth of tyranny in the emerging biotechnological world. Consider that a perfectly technological world would be one in which every natural resource was harnessed to maximize the productivity of free beings. Biotechnolo
4、gy, in effect, adds one“s own body to the list of natural resources. The philosopher of unregulated individualism, John Locke, said that my body is my property to be exploited at will with security and enjoyment in mind. Biotechnology promises to make into a reality the transhumanist dream of leavin
5、g behind our bodily limitations. This insight is the source of our enthusiasm today for cosmetic surgery and neurology.【F3】 It would seem that enhancing the body of a perfectly healthy individual would be a violation of the literal meaning of the Hippocratic Oath; it says, in effect, do not turn som
6、eone into a patient for reasons that have nothing to do with health. These days, autonomy seems to trump such traditional concerns. But what arc the main reasons that people have themselves nipped, tucked, and Botoxed? To look younger and more pleasing and so to be more productive. To avoid the indi
7、gnity of being old, alone, and poor. Autonomy is subordinated to dignity understood as productivity. 【F4】 If there is nothing wrong with such physical enhancement, we will all be pressured to stay young and pretty as long as we can, which will be a lot longer than nature intends. Autonomy, in effect
8、, will be sacrificed to productivity. The same will be true of other potential improvementsto our cognitive abilities, our memories, and our moods. By way of example, consider a case from the university: the notoriously autonomy obsessed and unproductive professor. Despite the fact that such profess
9、ors often drove off students and were too disoriented to publish to their full potential, we used to tolerate their moodiness for two reasons. First, we did not think that they could help it; professors are eccentric by nature.【F5】 And second, we sort of bought the claim that we alland profound peop
10、le especiallyhave a right to our “natural moods“ as an indispensable clue to the truth about who we are.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 I can“t help wondering what Charles Darwin would think if he could survey the state of his
11、intellectual achievement today. 200 years after his birth and 150 years after the publication of “On the Origin of Species“ , the book that changed everything. His central idea evolution by means of natural selectionwas in some sense the product of his time, as Darwin well knew. He was the grandson
12、of Erasmus Darwin, who grasped that there was something wrong with the conventional notion of fixed species. And his theory was hastened into print and into joint presentation by the independent discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace half a world away. But Darwin“s theory was the product of years of p
13、atient observation.【F2】 We love to believe in science by epiphany, but the work of real scientists is to rigorously test their epiphanies after they have been boiled down to working hypotheses. Most of Darwin“s life was devoted to gathering evidence for just such tests. He writes with an air of inco
14、mpleteness because he was aware that it would take the work of many scientists to confirm his theory in detail. I doubt that much in the subsequent history of Darwin“s idea would have surprised him.【F3】 The most important discoveriesMendel“s genetics and the structure of DNAwould almost certainly ha
15、ve gratified him because they reveal the physical basis for the variation underlying evolution. It would have gratified him to see his ideas so thoroughly tested and to see so many of them confirmed. He could hardly have expected to be right so often. Perhaps one day we will not call evolution “Darw
16、inism“. After all, we do not call classical mechanics Newtonism . As for the other fate of so-called Darwinismthe reductionist controversy fostered by religious conservativeswell, Darwin knew plenty about that, too. The cultural opposition to evolution was then, as now, scientifically irrelevant.【F4
17、】 Perhaps the persistence of opposition to evolution is a reminder that culture is not biological, or else we might have evolved past such a gnashing of sensibilities. 【F5】 In a way, our peculiarly American failure to come to terms with Darwin“s theory and what it“s become since 1859 is a sign of so
18、mething broader: our failure to come to terms with science and the leaching of science.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_What shapes moral emotions in the first place? The answer has long been evolution, hut in recent years there“s an
19、 increasing appreciation that evolution isn“t just about competition. It“s also about cooperation within groups. 【F1】 Like bees, humans have long lived or died based on their ability to divide labor, help each other and stand together in the face of common threats. Many of our moral emotions and int
20、uitions reflect that history. We don“t just care about our individual rights, or even the rights of other individuals. We also care about loyalty, respect, traditions, religions. We are all the descendents of successful cooperators. The first nice thing about this evolutionary approach to morality i
21、s that it emphasizes the social nature of moral intuition. People are not discrete units coolly formulating moral arguments. They link themselves together into communities and networks of mutual influence. The second nice thing is that it entails a warmer view of human nature.【F2】 Evolution is alway
22、s about competition, but for humans, as Darwin speculated, competition among groups has turned us into pretty cooperative, empathetic and altruistic creaturesat least within our families, groups and sometimes nations. The third nice thing is that it explains the haphazard way most of us lead our liv
23、es without destroying dignity and choice. Moral intuitions have primacy, Haidt argues, but they are not dictators.【F3】 There are times, often the most important moments in our lives, when in fact we do use reason to override moral intuitions, and often those reasons along with new intuitionscome fro
24、m our friends. The rise and now dominance of this emotional approach to morality is an epochal change. It challenges all sorts of traditions. It challenges the bookish way philosophy is conceived by most people. It challenges the Talmudic tradition, with its hyper-rational scrutiny of texts.【F4】 It
25、challenges the new atheists, who see themselves involved in a war of reason against faith and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason and in the purity of their own reasoning. Finally, it should also challenge the very scientists who study morality.【F5】 They“ re good at explaining
26、how people make judgments about harm and fairness, but they still struggle to explain the feelings of awe, transcendence, patriotism, joy and self-sacrifice, which are not ancillary to most people“s moral experiences, but central. The evolutionary approach also leads many scientists to neglect the c
27、oncept of individual responsibility and makes it hard for them to appreciate that most people struggle toward goodness, not as a means, but as an end in itself.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Darwin discovered two major forces in ev
28、olutionnatural selection and sexual selection and wrote three radical scientific masterpieces, “On the Origin of Species“(1859), “The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex“(1871)and “ The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals“(1872). The “Origin“, of course, is what he is hest know
29、n for. This volume, colossal in scope yet minutely detailed, laid the foundations of modern biology. 【F1】 Here, Darwin presented extensive and compelling evidence that all living beingsincluding humans have evolved from a common ancestor, and that natural selection is the chief force driving evoluti
30、onary change. 【F2】 Sexual selection, he argued, was an additional force, responsible for spectacular features like the tail feathers of peacocks that are useless for(or even detrimental to)survival but essential for seduction. 【F3】 Before the “Origin“, similarities and differences between species we
31、re mere curiosities; questions as to why a certain plant is succulent like a cactus or deciduous like a maple could be answered only, “Because“. Biology itself was nothing more than a vast exercise in catalog and description. After the “Origin“, all organisms became connected, part of the same, prof
32、oundly ancient, family tree. Similarities and differences became comprehensible and explicable. In short, Darwin gave us a framework for asking questions about the natural world, and about ourselves. He was not right about everything. How could he have been? Famously, he didn“t know how genetics wor
33、ks; as for DNAwell, the structure of the molecule wasn“t discovered until 1953. So today“s view of evolution is much more nuanced than his.【F4】 We have incorporated genetics, and expanded and refined our understanding of natural selection, and of the other forces in evolution. But what is astonishin
34、g is how much Darwin did know, and how far he saw. His imagination told him, for example, that many female animals have a sense of beauty that they like to mate with the most beautiful males. For this he was ridiculed. But we know that he was right. Still more impressive: he was not afraid to apply
35、his ideas to humans. He thought that natural selection had operated on us, just as it had on fruit flies and centipedes. As we delve into DNA sequences, we can see natural selection acting at the level of genes. Our genes hold evidence of our intimate associations with other beings, from cows to mal
36、aria parasites and grains.【F5】 The latest research allows us to trace the genetic changes thai differentiate us from our primate cousins, and shows that large parts of the human genome bear the stamp of evolution by means of natural selection.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数
37、：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（阅读）-试卷 171 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：Somebo
38、dy might say that anxiety is a small price to pay for maximizing individual liberty.【F1】 Freedom from nature is bound to have its unpleasant side effects, but surely it is still much better than submitting to the brutish, undignified fate nature has in store for each of us. 【F2】 Yet it is also true
39、that our inability to find a standard of personal dignity or significance to trump productivity might be the foundation for a new birth of tyranny in the emerging biotechnological world. Consider that a perfectly technological world would be one in which every natural resource was harnessed to maxim
40、ize the productivity of free beings. Biotechnology, in effect, adds one“s own body to the list of natural resources. The philosopher of unregulated individualism, John Locke, said that my body is my property to be exploited at will with security and enjoyment in mind. Biotechnology promises to make
41、into a reality the transhumanist dream of leaving behind our bodily limitations. This insight is the source of our enthusiasm today for cosmetic surgery and neurology.【F3】 It would seem that enhancing the body of a perfectly healthy individual would be a violation of the literal meaning of the Hippo
42、cratic Oath; it says, in effect, do not turn someone into a patient for reasons that have nothing to do with health. These days, autonomy seems to trump such traditional concerns. But what arc the main reasons that people have themselves nipped, tucked, and Botoxed? To look younger and more pleasing and so to be more productive. To avoid the indignity of being old, alone, and poor. Autonomy is subordinated to dignity understood as productivity. 【F4】 If there is nothing wrong with such physical enhancement, we will all be pressured to stay youn
