1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 152 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_An analysis of 20,928 postmenopausal women showed t
2、hat the taller a woman is, the greater her risk for a number of cancers, including breast, colon and skin cancer, among others. The finding, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, is not expected to change screening recommendations and shouldn“t alarm those with a tall stature. I
3、nstead, say scientists, the association between height and cancer may help guide researchers to study hormones and growth factors that influence height and may also play a role in cancer. “We know that cancer is a disease in which hormones and growth factors modify things,“ said Geoffrey C. Kabat, a
4、 senior epidemiologist in the department of epidemiology and population health at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York. “Height itself is not a risk factor, but it really appears to be a marker for one or more exposures that influence cancer risk. “ Nobody really
5、 knows why cancer risk is associated with a taller stature. It may have to do with hormones and growth factors that spur both height and cancer cells. It may be that height simply increases the surface area of the body“s organs, resulting in a greater number of overall cells and higher subsequent ri
6、sk of malignancy. While the current study focused only on women, other research has also found an association between height and cancer among men. One study found that taller men were at slightly higher risk for aggressive prostate cancer. In May, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reporte
7、d that height differences between men and women may help explain why men have an overall greater risk of developing cancer in non-sex specific organs like kidneys and lungs. That study, of 65 ,000 men and women, showed that sex differences in height may explain a third to a half of a man“s excess ca
8、ncer risk compared to women. Height can be influenced by a number of factors beyond genetics. The amount and type of foods consumed in childhood can influence height, and childhood nutrition may also play some role in cancer risk. A higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth fa
9、ctor, which can be influenced by factors like exercise, stress, body mass index and nutrition, is also associated with both increased height and an increased cancer risk. The data for the latest analysis were collected from the Women“s Health Initiative, the largest-ever study of postmenopausal wome
10、n. The researchers identified 20,928 women who had received a cancer diagnosis during the 12-year study period. The data set included not only the woman“s height but also her age, weight, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and whether she used hormone therapy. This allowed the scientists
11、 to control for other factors that could influence cancer risk and more closely determine the strength of the association with height. They found that for every 4-inch change in height, there was a 13 percent increase in risk for developing any type of cancer. The cancers most strongly associated wi
12、th height were cancers of the kidney, rectum, thyroid and blood. Risk for those cancers increased by 23 to 29 percent for every 4-inch increase in height.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, which one of the following is not a possible reason why cancer risk is associated with a taller stature?（分
13、数：2.00）A.It may have to do with hormones and growth factors that spur both height and cancer cells.B.height simply increases the surface area of the body“s organs, resulting in a greater number of overall cells and higher subsequent risk of malignancy.C.the taller a woman is, the greater her risk fo
14、r a number of cancers, including breast, colon and skin cancer, among others.D.A higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth factor is associated with both increased height and an increased cancer risk.(2).According to paragraph 4, taller men were at slightly higher risk for agg
15、ressive_.（分数：2.00）A.prostate cancerB.colon cancerC.skin cancerD.blood cancer(3).According to paragraph 5, each of the following factor can influence height EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.the amount and type of foods consumed in childhoodB.a higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth factor
16、C.the use of hormone therapyD.genetics(4).For every 4-inch change in height, there was a_percent increase in risk for developing any type of cancer.（分数：2.00）A.23B.13C.29D.12(5).The author of the passage would be most likely to“agree with which one of the following statements?（分数：2.00）A.Those with a
17、tall stature should be alarmed and have cancer screening every year.B.Height itself is a risk factor that directly influences cancer risks.C.A taller woman has a greater risk for a number of cancers than a man.D.Sex differences in height may explain a third to a half of a man“s excess cancer risk co
18、mpared to women.DOTCOM mania was slow in coming to higher education, but now it has the venerable industry firmly in its grip. Since the launch early last year of Udacity and Coursera, two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers o
19、f academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete. Meanwhile, the MOOCs have multiplied in number, resources and s
20、tudent recruitment without yet having figured out a business model of their own. Besides providing online courses to their own(generally fee-paying)students, universities have felt obliged to join the MOOC revolution to avoid being guillotined by it. Coursera has formed partnerships with 83 universi
21、ties and colleges around the world, including many of America“s top-tier institutions. EdX, a non-profit MOOC provider founded in May 2012 by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and backed with $ 60m of their money, is now a consortium of 28 institutions, the most recent
22、 joiner being the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai. Led by the Open University, which pioneered distance-learning in the 1970s, FutureLearn, a consortium of 21 British, one Irish and one Australian university, plus other educational bodies, will start offering MOOCs later this year. But Oxfo
23、rd and Cambridge remain aloof, refusing to join what a senior Oxford figure fears may be a “lemming-like rush“ into MOOCs. On July 10th Coursera said it had raised another $ 43m in venture capital, on top of the $ 22m it banked last year. Although its enrolments have soared, and now exceed 4m studen
24、ts, this is a huge leap of faith by investors that the firm can develop a viable business model. The new money should allow Coursera to build on any advantage it has from being a first mover among a rapidly growing number of MOOC providers. The industry has similar network economics to Amazon, eBay
25、and Google, says Ms Roller, in that “content producers go to where most consumers are, and consumers go to where the most content is. “ Simon Nelson, the chief executive of FutureLearn, disagrees. “Anyone who thinks the rules of engagement have already been written by the existing players is massive
26、ly underestimating the potential of the technology,“ he says. Certainly, there is plenty of experimentation with business models taking place. The MOOCs themselves may be free, but those behind them think there will be plenty of revenue opportunities. Coursera has started charging to provide certifi
27、cates for those who complete its courses and want proof, perhaps for a future employer. It is also starting to license course materials to universities that want to beef up their existing offering. However, it has abandoned for now attempts to help firms recruit employees from among Coursera“s stude
28、nts, because catering to the different needs of each employer was “not a scalable model“, says Ms Koller. For Udacity, in contrast, working with companies to train existing and future employees is now the heart of its business model. It has tie-ups with several firms, including Google. It recently f
29、ormed a partnership with AT&T, along with Georgia Tech, to offer a master“s degree in computer science. Course materials will be free, but students will pay around $ 7,000 for tuition. EdX is taking yet another tack, selling its MOOC technology to universities like Stanford, both to create their own
30、 MOOC offerings and to make physically attending university more attractive, by augmenting existing teaching.（分数：10.00）(1).The underlined phrase “beef up“ in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.replaceB.surpassC.strengthenD.shame(2).According to Paragraph 2, universities have felt oblig
31、ed to join the MOOC revolution because（分数：2.00）A.they do not want to be killed by itB.they deem very highly of its business modelC.they value the potential of this technologyD.they want to make physically attending university more attractive(3).According to Paragraph 3, Oxford and Cambridge refuse t
32、o offer MOOCs because_.（分数：2.00）A.they think MOOCs will be a serious threat to their current offeringsB.they do not want to follow blindly when they are uncertain of MOOCs“ valueC.universities will be guillotined by it in the futureD.it cannot provide as many revenue opportunities as the existing bu
33、siness model(4).Universities like Stanford bought MOOC technology from EdX in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.work with companies to train existing and future employeesB.develop a viable business modelC.become a first mover among a rapidly growing number of MOOC providersD.create their own MOOC offerings and m
34、ake physically attending university more attractive, by augmenting existing teaching(5).According to the passage, each of the following is true of Udacity and Coursera EXCEPT:（分数：2.00）A.Coursera has started charging to provide certificates for those who complete its courses and want proof.B.Coursera
35、 has abandoned attempts to help firms recruit employees from among Coursera“ s students.C.working with companies to train existing and future employees is now the heart of Udacity“s business model.D.Coursera recently formed a partnership with AT&T, along with Georgia Tech, to offer a master“s degree
36、 in computer science.When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for news updates, and the iPhone was not yet on the scene. By the time Hurricane Sandy slammed the eastern seaboard in 2012, social media had become an integr
37、al part of disaster response, filling the void in areas where cell phone service was lost while millions of Americans looked to resources including Twitter and Facebook to keep informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express support. Researchers have now started publishing data on the us
38、e of social media in disasters, and lawmakers and security experts have begun to assess how emergency management can best adapt. The new playbook will not do away with the emergency broadcast system and other government efforts. Rather, it will incorporate new data from researchers, federal agencies
39、 and nonprofits that have begun to reveal the exact penetration of social media in disasters. The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)wrote in its 2013 National Preparedness report that during and immediately following Hurricane Sandy, “users sent more than 20 million Sandy-related Twitter post
40、s, or “tweets,“ despite the loss of cell phone service during the peak of the storm. “ Following the Boston Marathon bombings, one quarter of Americans reportedly looked to Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites for information. When the Boston Police Department posted its final “CAPTUR
41、ED!“ tweet of the manhunt, more than 140,000 people retweeted it. Each disaster sparks its own complex web of fast-paced information exchange. That“s a good thing, says Mark Keim, associate director for science in the Office of Environmental Health Emergencies at the U. S. Centers for Disease Contro
42、l and Prevention(CDC), it can both improve disaster response and allow affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered. Drawing up an effective social media strategy and tweaking it to fit an emergency, however, is a crucial part of preparedness planning, says disas
43、ter sociologist Jeannette Sutton, a senior research scientist at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies social media in crises and disaster. For the Boston Marathon incident, she found no consistent hash tag on Twitter, which can make tracking relevant information difficult. Even
44、 searching for the word “Boston“ may fall short, she says, because it could lead to unrelated matter like Boston tourism or fail to capture relevant tweets that did not include the word Boston. As part of disaster preparedness, she says, it would be useful to teach the public how to use social media
45、 effectively, how to get information from the Web and also how to put out useful information. All the fast-paced information available via social media does pose inherent risks when navigating emergency situations. One is the rapid spread of misinformationas was the case after the Boston bombings wi
46、th the identification of a missing man as a possible suspect. Although mistakes often get fixed via the “Wikipedia effect,“ in which other users correct the errors, Sutton notes that false information can easily go viral. Another key risk is scammers using social media to steal cash. The FBI has war
47、ned that social media can also be a lucrative platform for scam artists that crop up in the wake of tragedy. After the Newtown, Conn. , school shooting, for example, the FBI arrested a woman who allegedly claimed to be the relative of a dead victim and solicited money via Facebook and other sources.
48、（分数：10.00）(1).The underlined word “ tweaking “(Line 1, Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.condemningB.fine-tuningC.changingD.spreading(2).According to Paragraph 2, the relationship between the new playbook and traditional disaster response can be best described as_.（分数：2.00）A.incorpora
49、tionB.exclusionC.replacementD.competition(3).Which one of the following is not a positive effect of social media on disaster response?（分数：2.00）A.It can keep people informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express support.B.It can improve disaster response.C.It allows affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.D.Scammers can us
