1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 134 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_In view of several obvious practical considerations, m
2、any general deprivation studies have used animals rather than human beings as experimental subjects. Waking effects routinely observed in these studies have been of deteriorated physiological functioning, sometimes including actual tissue damage. Long-term sleep deprivation in the rat(6 to 33 days)h
3、as been shown to result in severe debilitation and death of the experimental animals. This supports the view that sleep serves a vital physiological function.【F1】 There is some suggestion that age is related to sensitivity to the effects of deprivation, younger organisms proving more capable of with
4、standing the stress than mature ones. Among human subjects, the champion non-sleeper apparently was a 17-year-old student who voluntarily undertook a 264-hour sleep deprivation experiment. Effects noted during the deprivation period included irritability, blurred vision, slurring of speech, memory l
5、apses, and confusion concerning his identity. No long-term(i. e. , post-recovery)effects were observed on either his personality or his intellect.【F2】 More generally, although brief hallucinations and easily controlled episodes of bizarre behaviour have been observed after five to 10 days of continu
6、ous sleep deprivation, these symptoms do not occur in most subjects and thus offer little support to the hypothesis that sleep loss induces psychosis. In any event, these symptoms rarely persist beyond the period of sleep that follows the period of deprivation. When inappropriate behaviour does pers
7、ist, it generally seems to be in persons known to have a tendency toward such behaviour. Generally, upon investigation, injury to the nervous system has not been discovered in persons who have been deprived of sleep for many days. This negative result must be understood in the context of the limited
8、 duration of these studies and should not be interpreted as indicating that sleep loss is either safe or desirable.【F3】 The short-term effects observed with the student mentioned are typical and are of the sort that, in the absence of the continuous monitoring his vigil received, might well have end
9、angered his health and safety. 【F4】 Other commonly observed behavioral effects during total sleep deprivation include fatigue, inability to concentrate, and visual or tactile illusions and hallucinations. These effects generally become intensified with increased loss of sleep, but they also wax and
10、wane in a cyclic fashion becoming most acute in the early morning hours. Changes in intellectual performance during moderate sleep loss can, to a certain extent, be compensated for by increased effort and motivation.【F5】 Changes in body chemistry and in workings of the autonomic nervous system somet
11、imes have been noted during deprivation, but it has proved difficult to establish either consistent patterning in such effects or whether they should be attributed to sleep loss per se or to the stress or other incidental features of the deprivation manipulation .（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】
12、（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Certain functions must be performed in every city.【F1】 Law and order must be maintained; there must be some regulation of building to ensure a minimum of safety and to ensure that houses or workshops are not constructed on public land o
13、r in improper places; there must be regular methods of preventing, controlling, and extinguishing fires; and there must be regulations and executive action to protect the health of the citizens. The services now provided by city governments are different in nature and wider in scope than in the past
14、.【F2】 Generalization is impossible, but the most widespread functions today are the environmental and personal health services, including clinics and hospitals; primary, secondary, and further education; water supply, sewage, refuse collection and disposal; construction, maintenance, and lighting of
15、 streets; public housing; welfare services for the old, destitute, physically and mentally handicapped, orphans and abandoned children, unemployed and disabled workers, and other categories needing help; cemeteries and crematoriums; markets and abattoirs . The traditional services have been transfor
16、med beyond recognition. 【F3】 A group of public-utility services comprising the supply of gas, electricity, water, and public transport are frequently provided by the city government itself, by a public corporation closely connected with it, or by a commercial company operating under a concession gra
17、nted by the municipality . In some countries, municipal enterprise in the public utility field has been supplanted by larger regional or national schemes. A city council inevitably takes an interest in the economic well-being of the city that it governs. Every city government wishes to assist indust
18、ry and promote trade, but there are great differences in the role assigned to local authorities in this respect in different countries. In the former Communist regimes of eastern Europe, nearly the whole of local trade and much local industry was directly or indirectly under the control of the city
19、government. On the other hand, in the United States a city government can control local industry only by means of zoning regulations, restrictions imposed under public health legislation, and so forth.【F4】 In any case, municipal governments can do much to assist industry and commerce by good plannin
20、g and physical development, by providing for trade fairs and exhibition centres, and by designing and developing roads, public housing, schools, and other municipal services to meet the needs of employers and employees. 【F5】 The attraction of tourists also has become an almost universal goal of ever
21、y city that has the slightest pretension to be of interest to visitors, and here too the municipality can do much to attract tourists by providing not only publicity and information but also convenient and agreeable facilities.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（
22、分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 Genetic variation derives from several sources and provides only the raw materials of evolution; random variation can only have a disrupting effect on genetic equilibrium unless deleterious combinations of genes are eliminated and advantageous ones are preserved. The
23、process by which this occurs is called natural selection.【F2】 Although Darwin is credited with the first full statement of the theory of evolution through natural selection, the origins of the concept are deeply rooted in European thought and may be traced to the early 17 th century. Indeed, the pra
24、ctices of artificial selection of domesticated plants and animals, which so influenced Darwin, can be traced at least as far as the Romans and perhaps even to Neolithic(New Stone Age)times. The theory of natural selection can be stated as follows: All living things vary and reproduce themselves many
25、 times, yet the number of a given group tends to remain constant. Therefore there is a competition for survival, and only those most adapted to external conditions survive. In essence, the idea of natural selection is statistical; those members of a population who are most evolutionarily fit are tho
26、se who will leave the greatest number of offspring.【F3】 These will not be the only members of the population to leave offspring, but it is probable, in a statistical sense, that they will leave more living descendants in the long run than the less well-adapted members of the population. Fitness ther
27、efore refers to a population“s ability to cope successfully with a particular environment at a particular time; it is tied to time and place in an absolute way.【F4】 The factors that help determine the course and direction of evolution are many; predation and disease, migration and conflict, behaviou
28、r and temperament, competition for breeding space and mates, and competition for living space and food. 【F5】 Purely physical factors in the environment are no less important; stability or instability of the climate; solar radiation; natural disaster; pollution of the soil, water, and airall will hav
29、e their effect and take their toll on living groups. Evolution is not, therefore, something that has occurred and been completed. Any population is constantly evolving, assimilating changes and variations in its gene pool in response to stimuli from a large number of sourcessome that are recognized
30、and some that are not.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_A number of processes or phases have been identified as typical of creative thinking.【F1】 In what logically would be the first phase(i. e. , preparation), the thinker assembles a
31、nd explores his resources and perhaps makes preliminary decisions about their value in solving the problem at hand. 【F2】 Incubation represents the next period, in which he mulls over possibilities and shifts about from one to another relatively free of any rigid rational or logical preconceptions an
32、d constraints. Incubation seems to be at least partly unconscious, proceeding without the individual“s full awareness. Illumination occurs when resources fall into place, and a definite decision is reached about the result or solution. Verification(refinement or polishing), the process of making rel
33、atively minor modifications in committing ideas to final form, follows. Often enough, objective standards for judging creative activity(e. g. , musical composition)are lacking; an important criterion is the emotional satisfaction of the creator. Although the four phases have been ordered in a logica
34、l sequence, they often vary widely and proceed in different orders from one person to the next. Many creative people attain their goals by special strategies that are not neatly describable. The phases of preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification are characteristic of creative thinkers
35、 generally but do not guarantee that a worthwhile product will ensue.【F3】 Results also depend on whether an individual has the necessary personality characteristics and abilities; in addition, the quality of creative thinking stems from the training of the creator. The artist who produces oil painti
36、ngs needs to learn the brushing techniques basic to the task; the scientist who creates a new theory does so against a background of previous learning. Further, creativity intimately blends realistic(objective)and autistic(subjective)processes; the successful creator learns how to release and to exp
37、ress his feelings and insights. Creative thinking is a matter of using intrinsic resources to produce tangible results. This process is markedly influenced by early experience and training.【F4】 School situations, for example, that encourage individual expression and that tolerate idiosyncratic or un
38、orthodox thinking seem to foster the development of creativity. While the processes of creative thinking in artistic and scientific pursuits have much in common, there are also distinctive differences.【F5】 The artist places more importance on feeling and individual expression, often going to extreme
39、s to divorce himself from environmental constraints. The scientist relies more on disciplined, logical thinking to lead him in new directions. Artistic endeavour is dominantly expressive(although clearly oriented toward a goal), while scientific inventiveness is dominantly disciplined(although flexi
40、bly receptive to feelings and to imaginative experiences).（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Still more complex forms of realistic thinking seem to occur when tasks are presented in which the goal is impossible(or very difficult)to ach
41、ieve directly. 【F1】 In such situations, people commonly appear to pass through intermediate stages of exploring and organizing their resources; indeed, one may first need to exert himself in understanding the problem itself before he can begin to seek possible directions toward a solution. 【F2】 Fami
42、liar examples of problem-solving tasks include anagrams(e. g. , rearrange “lpepa“ to spell “apple“); mathematical problems; mechanical puzzles; verbal “brain teasers“(e. g. , is it legal for a man to marry his widow“s sister?); and, in a more practical sense, design and construction problems. Also o
43、f interest are issues of human relations, games, and questions pertinent to economics and politics. Problem-solving activity falls broadly into two categories: one emphasizes simple trial and error; the other requires some degree of insight.【F3】 In trial and error, the individual proceeds mainly by exploring and manipulating elements of the problem situation in an effort to sort out possibilities and to run across steps that might carry
