1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 115 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Research has uncovered that culture is a determinin
2、g factor when interpreting facial emotions. The study reveals that in cultures where emotional control is the standard, such as Japan, focus is placed on the eyes to interpret emotions. Whereas in cultures where emotion is openly expressed, such as the United States, the focus is on the mouth to int
3、erpret emotion. Across two studies, using computerized icons and human images, the researchers compared how Japanese and American cultures interpreted images, which conveyed a range of emotions. “These findings go against the popular theory that the facial expressions of basic emotions can be univer
4、sally recognized,“ said University of Alberta researcher Dr. Takahiko Masuda. “A person“s culture plays a very strong role in determining how they will perceive emotions and needs to be considered when interpreting facial expression. “ These cultural differences are even noticeable in computer emoti
5、cons, which are used to convey a writer“s emotions over email and text messaging. Consistent with the research findings, the Japanese emoticons for happiness and sadness vary in terms of how the eyes are depicted, while American emoticons vary with the direction of the mouth. In the United States th
6、e emoticons :)and ：-)denote a happy face, whereas the emoticons ：(or :-(denote a sad face. However, Japanese tend to use the symbol(_)to indicate a happy face, and(;_;)to indicate a sad face. When participants were asked to rate the perceived levels of happiness or sadness expressed through the diff
7、erent computer emoticons, the researchers found that the Japanese still looked to the eyes of the emoticons to determine its emotion. “We think it is quite interesting and appropriate that a culture that tends to mask its emotions, such as Japan, would focus on a person“s eyes when determining emoti
8、on, as eyes tend to be quite subtle,“ said Masuda. “In the United States, where overt emotion is quite common, it makes sense to focus on the mouth, which is the most expressive feature on a person“s face. “ These findings are published in the current issue of The Journal of Experimental Social Psyc
9、hology. The results also suggest the interesting possibility that the Japanese may be better than Americans at detecting “false smiles“. If the position of the eyes is the key to whether someone“s smile is false or true, Japanese may be particularly good at detecting whether someone is lying or bein
10、g “fake“. However, these questions can only be answered with future research.（分数：10.00）(1).It is revealed in a study that_.（分数：2.00）A.eyes are used to control emotionsB.mouth is used to express emotionsC.facial emotions vary with culturesD.culture determines facial emotions(2).Most people believe th
11、at_.（分数：2.00）A.facial emotions can be universally interpretedB.culture determines how one perceives emotionsC.human images convey a wide range of emotionsD.culture should be considered in interpreting emotions(3).It is obvious that emoticons are_.（分数：2.00）A.more noticeable than human imagesB.icons u
12、sed to convey human emotionsC.used much more in Japan than in AmericaD.used to denote happiness rather than sadness(4).There is no doubt that_.（分数：2.00）A.eyes are less used to express overt emotionsB.eyes are usually depicted to indicate a happy faceC.the Japanese is particularly good at detecting “
13、false smiles“D.the Japanese is good at detecting whether someone is lying(5).It can be inferred from the text that culture_.（分数：2.00）A.primarily focuses on the eyes to interpret emotionsB.tends to focus on the mouth to interpret emotionsC.plays a key role in determining facial emotionsD.is a key to
14、interpreting facial emotionsThe world economy has been growing at its fastest for a generation. Money, goods and ideas move around the globe more freely than they have for at least a century maybe more than ever, when you think of modern communication and China“s re-emergence. So why all the gripes
15、and grumbles? The problem, as some see it, is that workers in rich countries are not getting a fair whack. Their share of income has been shrinking for the past quarter of a century, most markedly in continental Europe and Japan. The new order may be just dandy for capitalists, but not for those who
16、 toil by hand or brain. In its semiannual World Economic Outlook, the IMF examines how trade, technology and immigration have stitched the world“s labour markets together at an astonishing rate, leaving rich country workers unsure of where they stand. Weighting each country“s workforce by its ratio
17、of exports to GDP, the IMF estimates that global labour supply has in effect risen fourfold since 1980 as China, India and once-communist countries have opened up. Most of the extra workers got no further than secondary school(although the relative supply of graduates has gone up by 50%). With this
18、surge of competition, you might expect labour“s share of the pie to shrink. In some cases, the competition is direct: workers cross borders to take jobs in rich countries. Although unwelcome in many places, immigrants“ share of the workforce has risen a lot in some European countries(notably Britain
19、, Germany and Italy)and in America, where it is close to 15%. The more important channel, though, is trade: largely because of China, developing countries“ share of rich countries“ manufacturing imports has doubled since the early 1990s. “ Offshoring“shifting production, especially of intermediate g
20、oods and some services, abroad has been on the rise, although the IMF notes that it has grown more slowly than total trade. Globalisation is not the only possible reason why labour“s share has shrunk. New technologies have probably taken a few degrees off the workers“ slice too. Technological change
21、 had the biggest effect in Europe and Japan. In Anglo-Saxon countries(America, Australia, Britain and Canada)it was much smaller. The effects of labour globalisation were most evident in Anglo-Saxon and small European countries. However, it has touched different places in different ways. In Europe t
22、he effects of offshoring and immigration have been more marked than in the Anglo-Saxon world; in Japan they have scarcely registered. The labour-intensive goods that rich countries import have fallen in price, pressing down on the workers“ share. But this has been broadly offset by price falls in th
23、e capital-intensive goods they export. In Japan these prices fell by enough to yield an overall net gain in the labour share.（分数：10.00）(1).By referring to China“s re-emergence, the author intends to show_.（分数：2.00）A.why there are so many gripes and grumblesB.the unfairness of the world“s labour mark
24、etsC.the increased globalization in the world economyD.the smaller share of income labour can expect to get(2).Labor“s share of income in rich countries has been shrinking mainly because of_.（分数：2.00）A.the rapid increase of global labour supplyB.the low educational level of extra workersC.the openin
25、g up of once-communist countriesD.the higher ratio of each country“s exports to GDP(3).The fact that “offshoring has been on the rise“ is used to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.it has grown more slowly than total tradeB.China“s share of rich countries“ imports is the largestC.immigrants“ share of the workfor
26、ce has risen considerablyD.workers in rich countries face sharp competition from abroad(4).The author argues that the chief possible reason for labour“s smaller share of income is_.（分数：2.00）A.labour globalisationB.technological changeC.the freer international tradeD.the fast-growing immigration(5).I
27、t can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.labour-intensive goods should not be importedB.Japan is least vulnerable to labour globalisationC.the effects of offshoring and immigration have been scarceD.the effects of labour globalization vary from country to countryDrunk drivers cause
28、 hundreds of traffic accidents each year, many of which end in fatalities. In recent years, two organizations have been formed to combat this deadly menace. MADD(Mothers Against Drunk Driving)was formed to stop drunk driving kids and teens, support the victims of it and prevent underage drinking. SA
29、DD(Students Against Destructive Decisions)was created to provide students with the best prevention and tools to deal with underage drinking, drug use, impaired driving and other destructive decisions. The two organizations lake different approaches to drunk driving and each is succeeding in its own
30、way. MADD was founded in 1980 by Cindy Lightner, following the death of her 13 year old daughter who was killed by a drunk driver out of bail for a hit and run accident only two days earlier. Lightner and other mothers who had lost children to drunk drivers formed MADD in an effort to stop the more
31、than 30,000 alcohol related driving deaths each year. They worked, not only to educate the public about the dangers of drunk driving, but to change societal attitudes about drinking and driving. MADD expanded its campaign from “Don“t Drive Drunk“ to “Don“t Drink and Drive“. To accomplish this, it ha
32、s recommended higher beverage taxes, lower drunk driving arrest thresholds, and roadblocks designed to frighten people out of social drinking. It has also created Victim Impact Panels, where people convicted of driving while intoxicated hear the stories of parents, relatives and friends of victims o
33、f drunk driving accidents. Twenty-six years after the founding of MADD, alcohol related driving deaths in the United States have been reduced to about 17,000 annually. SADD was founded by Robert Anastas of Wayland High School in Massachusetts as Students Against Driving Drunk in 1981. SADD emerged a
34、s a response to more than 6,000 young people being killed in alcohol related accidents each year. SADD“s approach to the problem was to develop educational programs in school chapters ranging from middle schools to colleges. In 1997, SADD expanded its mission to include underage drinking, substance
35、abuse, impaired driving, violence, and suicide. SADD“s programs are keyed to the needs of individual school locations. These include peer-led classes, forums, workshops, conferences and rallies, and other awareness-raising activities. Over its first decade, SADD has worked with many federal and stat
36、e agencies, nonprofit groups and foundations to get its message across. By 1990, due in part to the work of SADD, the number of young people killed in alcohol related accidents fell to 2,000 per year. Both MADD and SADD have been influential in reducing the number of alcohol related deaths in the Un
37、ited States. Each has taken a different approach to the problem of drunk driving and come up with viable solution.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is true of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Traffic accidents would be eliminated without drunk driving.B.Both MADD and SADD are dedicated to curbing d
38、runk driving.C.MADD was formed much earlier and did much more than SADD.D.MADD takes a more effective approach to drunk driving than SADD.(2).According to the author, Cindy Lightner（分数：2.00）A.was a victim of an alcohol related traffic accidentB.founded MADD in memory of her lost daughterC.lost her d
39、aughter in a hit and run accidentD.was determined to reduce drunk driving(3).According to the text, MADD_.（分数：2.00）A.urges drunk drivers to hear bitter storiesB.tries its best to frighten people out of drinkingC.has considerably reduced alcohol related driving deathsD.manages to change public“s atti
40、tude toward drunk driving(4).As a result of SADD“s effort,_.（分数：2.00）A.its mission includes much more than ever beforeB.fewer young people have been killed by drunk drivingC.it responds to alcohol related accidents more promptlyD.more educational programs have been developed in schools(5).Which of t
41、he following is the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Two Influential OrganizationsB.The Menace of Drunk DrivingC.The Fight against Drunk DrivingD.How to Reduce Traffic AccidentsIn an October 2008 report, the Center for Disease Control placed the U. S. 29th in infant mortality. tied with Slovakia
42、and Poland, and trailing Hungary and Cuba. J That stunning outcome was quickly seized: the U. S. health-care system needs to be more like the government-run systems in those lands. Proponents of that view often shift into one-on-one comparisons of Canada and America. Canada, with mandatory public he
43、alth insurance, experiences 5. 3 deaths per 1,000 births; the U. S. , with private insurance for most, sees 6. 9 deaths, a rate 30 percent higher. This outcome is then attributed to cross-country differences in the health-care systems. “Canadian Health Care. Even Willi Queues, Bests U.S. ,“ writes P
44、at Wechsler for Bloomberg, com, citing infant mortality as 34 percent higher in the United States. But infant-mortality differences can and should be explained by the American proportion of teenage mothers, which runs here at three times the Canadian rate. These pregnancies are less healthy, produci
45、ng more premature, low-birth-weight babies. Within each birth-mother age category, the U. S. has generally equal or belter infant survival, as a 2007 National Bureau of Economic Research paper by economists June and David O“Neill details. The problem of infant mortality remains. It should surely be
46、reduced in the U. S. , and serious measures should be undertaken to accomplish this. But the factors that cause itadolescent pregnancies, drug abuse, smoking, drinking, and obesity are probably not going to be fixed by changes in health insurance, public or private. Focusing on the healthcare system
47、 requires nuance that, for those happily touting summary statistics, is not worth the stress. Michael Moore“s documentary Sicko revels in rankings that place Cuba ahead of America in the infant-mortality race. Indeed, in 2008 Cuba claimed an infant-mortality rate of 5. 8 deaths per 1,000 births agai
48、nst the U. S. rate of 6. 9. Setting aside questions as to which deaths count in the infant mortality statisticU. S. medicine makes extraordinary attempts to save low-birth-weight babies that would otherwise be deemed miscarriagesand the far higher mortality of birthing mothers in Cuba, just one adju
49、stment is provocative; the rate for Cubans living in the U. S. is 4. 2. Holding culture constant, the U. S. outranks Cuba. That may not be much of a boast, but political opportunists and newspaper headlines trumpet just the reverse story. Alas, our PowerPoint Ceneration gravitates to bullet points and two-dimensional bar charts, even as we stumble our wa
