1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 13及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_探究科研领域的发展趋势 1996 年英译汉及详解 The differences in relativ
2、e growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes
3、of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2】 This trend began during the Second World War, wh
4、en several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It
5、 is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of sup
6、port, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the
7、 praisable one of supporting “good“ as opposed to “bad“ science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】 However, the world is so made that elegant syste
8、ms are in principle unable to deal with some of the world“ s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00
9、）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_影响测试有效性的因素 1995 年英译汉及详解 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in boo
10、ks, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1】 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precis
11、ion under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research prod
12、uctivity, sales records.【F2】 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available
13、 is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The
14、information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.【F3】 Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such
15、factors as cost and availability. 【F4】 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable in
16、formation about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.【F5】 For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have
17、been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_技术与天才哪个对科学发展更重要 1994 年英译汉及详解 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientifi
18、c knowledge.【F1】 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 【F2】 “In short,“ a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvemen
19、t and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.“ 【F3】 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hai
20、ls technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the a
21、rgument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo“s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.【F4】 Gal
22、ileo“ s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the
23、improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【F5】 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving
24、force.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_科学研究的方法与人类思维的关系 1993 年英译汉及详解 【F1】 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phen
25、omena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher w
26、eighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.【F2】 It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or man
27、ner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.【F3】 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and
28、 deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 【F4】 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no
29、 means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will di
30、scover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere“ s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking pros
31、e(散文)during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.【F5】 Probably there is not one here who has not in the c
32、ourse of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5)
33、.【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 13答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：探究科研领域的发展趋势 1996 年英译汉及详解 The di
34、fferences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less r
35、easonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2】 This trend began during the
36、Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific sc
37、ientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the futu
38、re. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the suppor
39、ting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good“ as opposed to “bad“ science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】 However, the world is so mad
40、e that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world“ s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.
41、00）_正确答案：(正确答案：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。)解析：解析：本句考查的重点是：分词结构和并列结构。 该句由两个简单句组成，包含 someothers这个并列结构。这些诸如 not onlybut also，eitheror等等的并列结构都有固定的译法，而且，由于并列句子的结构相似，经常可以互相参照理解，如本句中由 some of these causes可知 others指的是other causes；consequences 的意思也和 results基本相同。第二个简单句中，介宾短语 in
42、science being to some extent self-accelerating修饰 advances，其中分词结构 being self-accelerating为现在分词作定语，修饰 particular advances in science，而不仅仅是 science，翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理，译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。)解析：解析：本句考查的重点是：同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。 本句的主干结构是：主句+when 引导的时间状语，when=at that time 当时，那时。第一个 that从句是主句宾
